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Buddha Nature Reconsidered

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This is David Higgins and Martina Draszczyk's second book together and comes out of their first study, Mahāmudrā And The Middle Way. In their follow up they have delivered another two volumes on the writings of the Eighth Karmapa Mikyö Dorje (1507-1554) and his nuanced approach to the intricacies of the buddha-nature debate. It is an approach that combines the yogic sensibilities of Mahāmudrā with the dialectic approach of the Madhyamaka, which, according to the authors, Mikyö Dorje characterizes as the Yuganaddha-Apratiṣṭhāna-Madhyamaka (zung ’jug rab tu mi gnas pa’i dbu ma), that is, as a “Nonfoundational (or Nonabiding) Middle Way consisting in Unity.” As the authors explain,

"This nomenclature tells us much about the central philosophical aims and presuppositions of the Eighth Karma pa and his Karma bka’ brgyud tradition. As a Mahāmudrā proponent, Mi bskyod rdo rje gives primacy to innate modes of being and awareness, such as coemergent wisdom or buddha nature naturally endowed with qualities, that are amenable only to direct yogic perception and revealed through the personal guidance of a qualified teacher. As an exponent of yuganaddha (zung ’jug), i.e., unity (literally, “yoking together”), he espouses the tantric goal of unity beyond extremes, a goal grounded in the inseparability of the two truths or realities (bden gnyis dbyer med), of appearance and emptiness (snang stong dbyer med). In his eyes, this unity is only fully realized when one understands that the conventional has no independent existence apart from the ultimate and that the latter is a condition of possibility of the former. As an advocate of apratiṣṭhāna (rab tu mi gnas pa), i.e., nonfoundationalism, he resolutely maintains that all outer and inner phenomena, including deep features of reality disclosed through meditation, lack any ontic or epistemic essence or foundation that the mind can lay hold of. Finally, as a champion of Madhyamaka, i.e., the Buddhist Middle Way, the author attempts to ply a middle course between the extremes of existence and nonexistence, eternalism and nihilism. These various doxographical strands are deftly interwoven in the Karma pa’s view of buddha nature, which affirms the innate presence of buddha nature and its qualities in all sentient beings as well as their soteriological efficacy while denying either any ontological status." (Higgins and Draszczyk, preface, 14)

Citation	Higgins, David, and Martina Draszczyk. Buddha Nature Reconsidered: The Eighth Karma pa's Middle Path. 2 vols. Vol. 1, Introduction and Analysis. Vol. 2, An Anthology of His Writings: Critical Texts and Annotated Translations. Wiener Studien zur Tibetologie und Buddhismuskunde 95.1–95.2. Vienna: Arbeitskreis für Tibetische und Buddhistische Studien Universität Wien, 2019.

ContentsAbout the Book

Volume One

• Acknowledgements11
• Preface 13

• • Chapter 1: Introduction 27

• • Chapter 2: Doctrinal Background
  • 1. Introductory remarks 57
  • 2. An outline of buddha nature [by Karma phrin las], translation 60
  • 3. Key points in Karma phrin las pa’s outline of buddha nature 72
  • 3.1. Tathāgatagarbha concepts in early Indian Buddhist sources 72
  • 3.2. Tathāgatagarbha concepts in Indo-Tibetan Mahāyāna sources73
  • 3.3. Rang byung rdo rje’s Karma bka’ brgyud position on buddha
          nature74
  • 4. Critical edition of Karma phrin las pa’s outline of buddha nature78

• • Chapter 3: The Eighth Karma pa’s Central Claims About Buddha Nature
  • 1. Introductory remarks83
  • 2. Sixteen central claims regarding buddha nature85
  • 2.1. Buddha nature exists equally in everyone from ordinary beings to
          buddhas85
  • 2.2. Buddha nature discourses are of definitive meaning (nītārtha)95
  • 2.3. The “nature” (garbha) of a buddha is actual, not nominal 101
  • 2.4. The gotra is not metaphorical (upacāra), but attributions of cause
           and result are106
  • 2.5. Buddha nature is buddhahood obscured by defilements111
  • 2.6. The three phases of buddha nature indicate progressive degrees of
           disclosure116
  • 2.7. The classification of three vehicles has a hidden intent (ābhiprāyika);
           the one vehicle (ekayāna) doctrine is definitive (lākṣaṇika)120
  • 2.8. The unfolded gotra is the naturally present gotra awakened through
           virtue131
  • 2.9. Resultant buddha nature may be equated with dharmakāya136
  • 2.10. Buddha nature is not emptiness as a nonaffirming negation
            (med dgag)141
  • 2.11. Buddha nature is not a basis established (gzhi grub) by valid
            cognition151
  • 2.12. The identification of buddha nature and ālayavijñāna is
            provisional162
  • 2.13. Buddha nature is not a self (coarse or subtle) but is selflessness204
  • 2.14. Buddha nature is only fully revealed in Mantrayāna thought and
            praxis226
  • 2.15. Buddha nature is natural awareness (tha mal gyi shes pa)241
  • 2.16. Buddha nature consists in the unity of the two truths 257
  • 3. Conclusion276

Volume Two

1. The Lamp of Fine Discernment Regarding the Tradition of the Gzhan
   stong Madhyamaka Proponents

• 1.1. Introduction11
• 1.2. Annotated Translation: The Lamp of Fine Discernment Regarding the Tradition
        of the Gzhan stong Madhyamaka Proponents (=Lamp)15
• 1.3. Critical Edition: Dbu ma gzhan stong smra ba 'i srol legs par phye ba 'i sgron me
        zhes bya ba bzhugs so (= LG)50

2. The Nerve Tonic for the Elderly

• 2.1. Introduction73
• 2.2. Annotated Translation: The Nerve Tonic for the Elderly, also known as The
        Sublime Fragrance of Nectar (= Tonic)76
• 2.3. Critical Edition: Rgan po'i rlung sman, also known as Dpyad pa bdud dri mchog
         (= GL)137

3. Buddha Nature and Dharmakāya

• 3.1. Introduction171
• 3.2. Annotated Translation: Buddha Nature and Dharmakāya: A Reply to Queries172
• 3.3. Critical Edition: Bde gshegs snying po dang chos sku'i dris lan174

4. Buddha Nature and Emptiness Imbued with Compassion

• 4.1. Introduction177
• 4.2. Annotated Translation of an Excerpt from Mi bskyod rdo rje's Single Intent
        Commentary (Intent) on 'Jig rten gsum mgon's Single Intent (Dgongs gcig) Vajra
        Precepts 1.27–28178
• 4.3. Critical Edition: Dgongs gcig kar ṭīg (= GC) excerpt188

5. Buddha Nature and the Substratum

• 5.1. Introduction197
• 5.2. Annotated Translation of an Excerpt from Mi bskyod rdo rje's Single Intent
        Commentary on 'Jig rten gsum mgon's Single Intent Vajra Precept 8.36197
• 5.3. Critical Edition: Dgongs gcig kar ṭīg excerpt230

6. Buddha Nature and the Two Truths

• 6.1. Introduction to Excerpts [A-B] from Mi bskyod rdo rje's Explanation of the
        Direct Introduction to the Three Embodiments (= Embodiments)255
• 6.2. Annotated Translation [A]: On the Unity of the Two Truths258
• 6.3. Critical Edition [A]: Sku gsum ngo sprod rnam bshad (= KN) excerpt268
• 6.4. Annotated Translation [B]: On Buddha Nature in the Context of the Two
        Truths277
• 6.5. Critical Edition [B]: Sku gsum ngo sprod rnam bshad excerpt287

7. Buddha Nature and the Tantric Causal Continuum

• 7.1. Introduction to Excerpts [A–D] from Mi bskyod rdo rje's Explanation of the
        Direct Introduction to the Three Embodiments295
• 7.2. Annotated Translation [A]: On the Connection Between the Three
        Continua297
• 7.3. Critical Edition [A]: Sku gsum ngo sprod rnam bshad excerpt305
• 7.4. Annotated Translation [B]: On the Refutation of Other Views of the
        Causal Continuum312
• 7.5. Critical Edition [B]: Sku gsum ngo sprod rnam bshad excerpt328
• 7.6. Annotated Translation [C]: On the Presentation of Our Own System339
• 7.7. Critical Edition [C]: Sku gsum ngo sprod rnam bshad excerpt345
• 7.8. Annotated Translation [D]: On the Purity of the Causal Continuum347
• 7.9. Critical Edition [D]: Sku gsum ngo sprod rnam bshad excerpt351

8. Buddha Nature and the Tantric Path Continuum

• 8.1. Introduction to Excerpts [A–B] from Mi bskyod rdo rje's Explanation of the
        Direct Introduction to the Three Embodiments355
• 8.2. Annotated Translation [A]: On Buddha Nature's Inherent Qualities357
• 8.3. Critical Edition [A]: Sku gsum ngo sprod rnam bshad excerpt366
• 8.4. Annotated Translation [B]: On the Summary of the Creation and the
        Completion Stages371
• 8.5. Critical Edition [B]: Sku gsum ngo sprod rnam bshad excerpt377

9. Buddha Nature and the Tantric Resultant Continuum

• 9.1. Introduction381
• 9.2. Annotated Translation: Excerpt on Buddha Nature, the Tantric Resultant
        Continuum from Mi bskyod rdo rje's Explanation of the Direct Introduction
        to the Three Embodiments382
• 9.3. Critical Edition: Sku gsum ngo sprod rnam bshad excerpt390

Bibliography

• Abbreviations of Collections, Editions, and Institutes397
• Primary Sources: Indian Works397
• Primary Sources: Tibetan Works404
• Secondary Sources416
• Index433

The present study comprises two volumes. The first offers a detailed analysis of Mi bskyod rdo rje’s position on buddha nature in which we have attempted to fill in some of the historical and doctrinal background necessary to understand his main contributions to this subject. The second presents a selection of critically edited texts and translations of the his most important writings on buddha nature.
      While the details of Volume II can be gleaned from the table of contents, it may be useful to give a short résumé of Part I. In the first chapter, we have sketched a general outline of the author’s position on buddha nature in relation to the major lines of interpretation advanced by leading scholars of his generation that he sought to creatively resolve through his own dialectical approach. In chapter two, we take a broader view of the major views on buddha nature that had developed in India and Tibet and consider how masters of the Karma bka’ brgyud tradition positioned their own views in relation to these. We are aided in this regard by a useful synopsis of Indian and Tibetan buddha nature ideas composed by one of the Eighth Karma pa’s main teachers, Karma phrin las (1456–1539); this forms the centerpiece of the chapter. In the third chapter, we flesh out the skeletal outline of Mi bskyod rdo rje’s position traced in the preceding chapters with a more detailed analysis of his central claims regarding buddha nature. This was the most painstaking portion of the book to write and may well be the most challenging for readers unacquainted with the finer points of buddha nature theory. Yet it also contains the most substantive material for understanding the author’s interpretation of buddha nature and its doctrinal foundations. Our philosophical aim was to clarify the author’s efforts to articulate and justify his tradition’s position on buddha nature in relation to parallel or rival positions held by other Indian and Tibetan masters. To this end, we identified in his treatments sixteen central propositions regarding buddha nature and attempted to elucidate each in terms of its historical-doctrinal evolution. In doing so, our objective has been not only to compile an inventory of the author’s core propositions and to compare them with those of other Buddhist scholars, but further to probe beneath the doxographical surface of these positions to get at the guiding aims and aspirations that led him to espouse the positions he did. Though somewhat more detailed than the previous chapters, Chapter Three is nonetheless indispensable for appreciating the scope and originality of the Karma pa’s contribution to the Buddhist understanding of buddha nature theory. It is thus also essential for clarifying and contextualizing the materials translated in Volume II. (Higgins and Draszczyk, preface, 17–18.)