The Questions

Why is buddha-nature important? What would it mean to not have buddha-nature? these and other common questions about buddha-nature are outlined below, with links to readings, videos, and other material to help you explore further.

General Audience Questions

Why are buddha-nature teachings controversial?
Is buddha-nature like a soul? What’s the difference?
What does buddha-nature have to do with enlightenment?

Traditional Questions

List of key questions that major Tibetan writers have asked

Dharma Audience Questions

What does it mean to “practice” buddha-nature?
What does buddha-nature mean for my practice?
What does it mean to have buddha-nature? That we are fundamentally good, and that we have an inborn potential to be free

What does it mean if we did not have buddha-nature? That we are not guaranteed liberation

What does "luminosity" mean in this context? It refers to "self-reflexive awareness" which means awareness naturally aware of itself. Other English terms used for the same concept include "clarity," but this word fails to evoke the active aspect of luminosity. The mind's natural state is not passive like a piece of glass, but actively engaging with the phenomenal world.

(From Buddha-Nature by Thrangu Rinpoche, pp. 99-100) What is 'luminosity'? TR: When we say luminosity, in Tibetan salwa, it does not refer to light or the luminous quality of an electric bulb or the sun. It has little to do with that. Luminosity refers to the intelligent capacity of wakefulness–knowledge and wisdome, or prajna and jnana–the ability to 'know'. The Second Turning of the Wheel of Dharma emphasizes the emptiness of things, the absence of a self. "There is no I, no nose, no tongue, and so forth." Non-existence and space-like are mentioned a lot. If we understand emptiness as blank, void space without any qualities, then we've missed the mark. Dharmadhatu is not like that. in dharmadhatu, there is constant manifestation of relative appearances that arise due to the law of causation or dependent connection. It's certainly not just a blank or stupid space. it has the luminous quality which expresses itself as intelligent wakefulness. If, when practicing, you look into your mind you will find out what we mean by emptiness and luminosity. Then conviction that the mind is both empty and luminous will grow.

(From Buddha-Nature by Thrangu Rinpoche, pp. 27-28) What is the essence of the enlightened nature empty of? TR: When we say 'empty', we usually mean 'without any concrete substance or matter.' When I strike the table with my hand, it makes a sound. That means it has some substance or concreteness. But the enlightened nature, the buddha nature, has no concrete substance whatsoever. Its essence is empty. When we practice, we should look into the mind wondering, "How is the mind? What is it like?" Or mind gives rise to an inconceivable number of different thoughts and emotions. Most of what we see around us are constructs fabricated by the mind, but still when we sit down and look into the mind asking ourselves, "Where is my mind?" we discover that it is impossible to find anywhere. There is not a 'thing' to be seen or found. That's why it is said that the essence is empty, but is it only empty? No, it's not. Its nature is luminous. Clarity and wakefulness are present because it is possible to know, perceive, and think. At the final stages of enlightenment, inconceivably great virtues and wisdoms manifest.

Is buddha-nature the same thing as a self?

Critics of the theory would say yes, because buddha-nature teachings use positive language to describe an "essence" or "innate characteristic" of a person. Some who accept buddha-nature argue that they are provisional teachings, that yes, they do seem to suggest a self, but they have practical value and are not meant to be taken seriously—and there are scriptures to support this view. Yet others disagree, and hold to the buddha-nature teachings as a definitive teaching and that in no way is buddha-nature a doctrine of a self. Those who advocate for this view teach that buddha-nature is not a matter of an individual essence, but is instead a universal reality. Individuals are subject to dependent origination—our existence comes about through causes and conditions and therefore cannot be said to be truly individually existent. But buddha-nature is not conditioned. It is simply a basic characteristic of having a mind and consciousness, and for this reason cannot be said to belong to us as individuals. It is more like air—we all have it in our lungs, but it is not our own individual air.

How does one practice?

Different Buddhist traditions engage with buddha-nature in different ways. Some speak of revealing what is already perfect, others speak of perfecting what is now only a potential.

(From Buddha-Nature by Thrangu Rinpoche, p. 29) How does one know when one's experience of emptiness isn't just an intellectual construct? First of all, ordinary beings who have not yet reached the first bodhisattva level are unable to truly perceive emptiness. What we have now is a conceptual understanding of emptiness arising from reasoning, discrimination, and so forth. We have an idea of emptiness. For example, when looking at a hand, ordinary people have the immediate idea, "This is a hand." They don't have the immediate perception of emptiness. If they use reasoning or discrimination, then they can see that a hand is only called 'hand,' though it's actually composed of many things like fingers, skin, flesh, bones, and blood. To this conglomeration, the label 'hand' is appended. Analyzing like this, one can reach the conclusion that the hand is actually empty, but at present, this is still just an idea. However slowly, slowly as one continues to practice, one grows closer and closer to the actual perception of emptiness.

(From Buddha-Nature by Thrangu Rinpoche, p. 30) I thought the Third Turning was the Vajrayana vehicle. The final set of teachings, the Third Turning of the Wheel of Dharma, is entirely connected to Vajrayana in that emphasis is placed on the wisdom and clarity aspect. In Vajrayana practices, such as the development and completion stages, the main focus is meditation on the clarity or wisdom aspect. Therefore, they are connected. The Third Turning of the Wheel of Dharma is the foundation shared between sutra and tantra. The sutra teachings place greater emphasis on the prajna or the knowledge aspect. Through discrimination and investigation, one determines the true condition of things. But, in Vajrayana, the upaya or means is stressed. One is introduced directly to the real condition and then rests in meditation on that. The sutra teachings are more extraverted, looking outwardly, examining things, and discriminating while the Vajrayana, or tantric teachings, introduce the empty essence and luminous nature directly after which one simply rests in that. Method is of utmost importance and, therefore, Vajrayana is very beneficial and very fast. The link between these two is called the view of the link between sutra and tantra.

(From Buddha-Nature by Thrangu Rinpoche, p. 45) How is nonduality related to luminosity? It is said that in their basic condition, things are empty in essence and luminous in nature. There are not two separate entities. Essence and nature are undivided, so it is called nondual.

(From Buddha-Nature by Thrangu Rinpoche, pp. 98-99) Please clarify what 'confusion' actually refers to. At present, due to the overwhelming power of ignorance, we are mistaken about the nature of things. With confusion in our mind, we cannot clearly examine how things truly are. For example, while sleeping we may dream that we are in the jungle with a tiger chasing us. The tiger approaches and is about to eat us. We are terrified and want to run away. There isn't much we can do in the dream state because we are unable to block our experience, but if we could just investigate the situation at that time, we would discover that there is really no jungle and no tiger. In fact, none of what seems to be occurring is true, but we are too overwhelmed by our perceptions to stop and closely examine the real situation. Yet if a clairvoyant person were present who could see that we were dreaming about being lost in a jungle and pursued by a wild animal, that person could shake us and say, "Hey, wake up! Don't be afraid. It's just a dream." At that point, we would wake up and the confusing dream images would disappear. However, left on our own, we are too busy worrying about how to escape our ferocious 'dream tiger' to stop and realize how things really are. In the same way, sentient beings need to depend on the fully enlightened Buddha to convey to us our true condition.