Glossary
'jog sgom
placement meditation
स्थाप्यभावना
འཇོག་སྒོམ་
This is the meditation of directly observing the mind without engaging in any analytical or intellectual activity. (Thrangu Rinpoche, Transcending Ego, 102).
'jog sgom; ; Placement Meditation
Tibetan Noun
Abhidharma generally refers to the corpus of Buddhist texts which deals with the typological, phenomenological, metaphysical, and epistemological presentation of Buddhist concepts and teachings. The abhidharma teachings present a meta-knowledge of Buddhist sūtras through analytical and systemic schemas and are said to focus on developing wisdom among the three principles of training. The Abhidharma is presented alongside Sūtra and Vinaya as one of the three baskets of the teachings of the Buddha.
chos mngon pa; ; abhidharma
Sanskrit Noun
Actualized enlightenment is enlightenment that is attained through practice. It is contrasted with original enlightenment, which is the mind's innate purity in its natural state. Ultimately, there is no difference between them. Because of the presence of ignorance, sentient beings are blind to their true nature. By removing that ignorance, one actualizes enlightenment.
Grounded in the original enlightenment is nonenlightenment. And because of nonenlightenment, the process of actualization of enlightenment can be spoken of. ~ The Awakening of Faith in the Mahāyāna
; ; shijue
Chinese Noun
advaya
nonduality
अद्वय
གཉིས་མེད་
不二
Literally, "without duality," it refers to that which is indivisible, in that it is not divided into two.
gnyis med; ; advaya
Sanskrit Adjective
The ninth consciousness, the immaculate pure mind.
Simplified English Usage:
At the moment of enlightenment, the eighth consciousness ceases, replaced by the ninth, the immaculate consciousness of a buddha.
dri ma med pa'i rnam shes; ; immaculate consciousness
Sanskrit Noun
Anuyoga
Anuyoga, Subsequent Yoga
अनुयोग
ཨ་ནུ་ཡོ་ག
The second set of the three inner tantras and the eighth of the nine vehicles according to the Nyingma tradition. Anuyoga includes many yogini tantras and focuses on the Completion Stage practices of sacred channels, energies and essential fluids and espouses the actualisation of empty bliss.
anu yo ga; ; Anuyoga
Sanskrit School
anātman
selflessness
अनात्मन्
བདག་མེད་པ་
无我
The nonexistence of the self as a permanent, unchanging entity.
bdag med pa; ; anātman
Sanskrit Noun
arhat
arhat
अर्हत्
དགྲ་བཅོམ་པ།
阿羅漢
A person who has reached nirvāṇa by eliminating the three poisons of attachment, hatred and ignorance having followed the path of seeking individual liberation as a Śrāvaka or a Pratyekabuddha. An arhat, thus, is a person who has overcome the cause of rebirth in the cycle of existence and will not take an ordinary birth again.
dgra bcom; ; arhat
Sanskrit Noun
Atiyoga
Utmost Yoga
अतियोग
ཤིན་ཏུ་རྣལ་འབྱོར།, ཨ་ཏི་ཡོ་ག
A system of esoteric thought and practice associated with the Nyingma tradition and equivalent to Great Perfection, it is considered as the pinnacle of the nine vehicles or paths one can follow to reach Buddhahood. The system focusses on the pure, luminous and empty nature of the mind as the ground reality which must be realised through the path of trekchö and thögal practice.
ati yoga, shin tu rnal 'byor; ; Atiyoga
Sanskrit School
avidyā
ignorance
अविद्या
མ་རིག་པ་
無明
Literally "unknowing," it refers to a lack of knowledge or misunderstanding of the nature of reality. As such, it is considered to be the root cause of suffering and the basis for the arising of all other negative mental factors.
ma rig pa; ; avidyā
Sanskrit Noun
bhūmi
developmental stage
भूमि
ས་
A plateau of spiritual development.
sa; ; bhūmi
Sanskrit Noun
bodhi
enlightenment
बोधि
བྱང་ཆུབ་
悟, 菩提, 覺
Enlightenment or awakening. In Tibetan it is translated as "purified" (byang) and "perfected" (chub), which corresponds to Siddhartha Gautama's achievement of purifying all obscurations and perfecting or attaining all qualities associated with a buddha.
Simplified English Usage:
". . . all beings, regardless of birth, race, social status, and gender, are capable of the attainment of the state of human perfection known as enlightenment."
(Source: page 192, “Liberation: An Indo-Tibetan Perspective” by José Ignacio Cabezón. Buddhist-Christian Studies, Vol. 12 (1992), pp. 191-198 Published by: University of Hawai'i Press Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/1389971)
byang chub; ; bodhi
Sanskrit Noun
bodhicitta
mind of enlightenment
बोधिचित्त
བྱང་ཆུབ་སེམས།
菩提心
The altruistic thought to seek enlightenment for the sake of all sentient beings. It is said to have two aspects: compassion aimed at sentient beings and their problems and the wisdom of enlightenment as the solution.
Simplified English Usage:
byang chub sems; ; bodhicitta
Sanskrit Noun
bodhigarbha
quintessence of awakening
बोधिगर्भ
བྱང་ཆུབ་སྙིང་པོ་
An alternative term for tathāgatagarbha found in early Nyingma sources. Though it is back-translated as bodhigarbha, this term does not seem to be found in Sanskrit sources. However, in other contexts, the Tibetan byang chub snying po is often used to translate the Sanskrit term bodhimaṇḍa, which is often translated as the "seat of enlightenment."
byang chub snying po; ; bodhigarbha
Tibetan Noun
A person who seeks enlightenment for the sake of others. In Mahāyāna Buddhism, a Bodhisattva is a compassionate being who is training on the path to Buddhahood and aspires to eliminate the suffering of all beings and take all sentient beings to the state of enlightenment. The Mahāyāna sūtras including those on buddha-nature generally have Bodhisattvas as the main audience or interlocutors for the Buddha's discourses.
byang chub sems dpa'; ; Bodhisattva
Sanskrit Noun
Brahman is the universal principle, supreme truth or ultimate reality in the Hindu religion considered to be absolute, eternal and blissful. A metaphysical concept, it is described as the single binding unity behind the diversity of all that exists. In Buddhism, while this metaphysical principle is not presented, one finds frequent mention of the deity named Brahmā, who is the personification of this principle.
tshangs pa; ; Brahman
Sanskrit Noun
A synonym for tathāgatagarbha widely used throughout the East Asian Buddhist traditions, as found in its translations as the Chinese term fó xìng and Japanese term busshō.
sangs rgyas kyi khams; ; buddhadhātu
Sanskrit Noun
This refers to a series of five texts that, according to the Tibetan tradition, Asaṅga received directly from Maitreya in the pure realm of Tuṣita.
byams chos sde lnga; ; byams chos sde lnga
Tibetan Text
A seed, commonly used figuratively in the sense of something which has the potential to develop or grow, and likewise as the basic cause for this development or growth.
sa bon; ; bīja
Sanskrit Noun
Though it is sometimes used synonymously with Yogācāra, it is in fact one of the more prominent philosophical theories associated with this school. It asserts that the objects in the external world with which we interact are actually mentally created representations appearing as those objects. The character of these perceptions is predetermined by our own karmic conditioning that is stored in the ālayavijñāna.
sems tsam; ; Cittamātra
Sanskrit Noun
The fundamental expanse from which all phenomena emerge.
chos dbyings; ; dharmadhātu
Sanskrit Noun
"Truth body" or "true being" — One of the three bodies of a buddha. In Mahāyāna Buddhism, it often refers to a kind of fundamental principle or the true nature of reality itself.
chos sku; ; dharmakāya
Sanskrit Noun
dharmatā
nature of reality
धर्मता
ཆོས་ཉིད་
法性
The true nature of phenomenal existence.
chos nyid; ; dharmatā
Sanskrit Noun
A fundamental component or essential constituent.
The dhātu of beginningless time
Is the foundation of all phenomena.
Due to its existence, all forms of existence
And also nirvāṇa are obtained. ~ The Abhidharmamahāyānasūtra, as cited in the Ratnagotravibhāgavyākhyā, Chapter 1, verse 149—152. Translated by Karl Brunnhölzl.
khams; ; dhātu
Sanskrit Noun
Analytical meditation is a technique involving critical analysis that focuses the mind on a specific contemplation, such as impermanence.
Simplified English Usage:
"Furthermore, broadly speaking, if [we look at this] from the perspective of the use of the terms “analysis” and “resting,” meditations that involve critical investigation must be considered analytical meditation, and meditations during which we settle into the natural state and rest must be resting meditation." (Dakpo Tashi Namgyal, Moonbeams of Mahāmudrā, Elizabeth Callahan translation, 89)
If you discriminate that phenomena are identityless
And meditate by discriminating them in this way,
This is the cause for the result of attaining nirvāṇa.
Peace will not come about through any other cause. ~ pp 273, Brunnhölzl, Karl, The Center of the Sunlit Sky: Madhyamaka in the Kagyü Tradition. Nitartha Institute Series. Ithaca, NY: Snow Lion Publications, 2004.
dpyad sgom; ; analytical meditation
Tibetan Noun
Dzogchen
Great Perfection
महासन्धि
རྫོགས་ཆེན།
Dzogchen is an advanced system of meditation techniques to reveal the innate state of perfection primarily, but not exclusively, espoused by the Nyingma Buddhist tradition and the Tibetan Bön tradition.
rdzogs chen; ; Dzogchen
Tibetan Noun
ekayāna
single vehicle
एकयान
ཐེག་པ་གཅིག་པ་
一乘
The notion that ultimately there is only one vehicle, or means, of achieving enlightenment.
theg pa gcig pa; ; ekayāna
Sanskrit Noun
The Geluk tradition traces its origin to Tsongkhapa, who propagated a modified version of the Kadampa lojong and lamrim teachings. It is the dominant tradition of Tibet, having established its control of the government under the figure of the Dalai Lama.
dge lugs; ; Geluk
Tibetan School
gotra
potential
गोत्र
རིགས་
種性, 鍾姓
Disposition, lineage, or class; an individual's gotra determines the type of enlightenment one is destined to attain.
rigs; ; gotra
Sanskrit Noun
The term Great Madhyamaka is utilized in different contexts depending on the tradition. In the Jonang tradition, it generally refers to the Zhentong Madhyamaka philosophy as it was developed and systematized by Dölpopa. In this context, the Great Madhyamaka refers to the presentation of ultimate truth, while Madhyamaka describes the emptiness of the relative level of truth. In the Nyingma tradition, Great Madhyamaka refers to the subtle, inner Madhyamaka that unifies the philosophical positions of Nāgārjuna and Asaṅga. This is presented in opposition to the coarse, outer Madhyamaka that is the dialectic approach of Prāsaṅgika and Svātantrika. In the Kagyu tradition, the term is used in a similar vein in that Madhyamaka is used to refer to philosophical inquiry, while Great Madhyamaka is used to refer to the view arrived at through yogic accomplishment. However, in all of these traditions, Great Madhyamaka is heavily associated with buddha-nature (tathāgatagarbha) and the definitive status of these teachings.
dbu ma chen po; ; Great Madhyamaka
Tibetan Noun
guṇa
enlightened qualities
गुण
ཡོན་ཏན་
功德
The qualities or attributes of an enlightened being.
yon tan; ; enlightened qualities
Sanskrit Noun
guṇapāramitā
perfect qualities
गुणपारमिता
ཡོན་ཏན་ཕ་རོལ་ཏུ་ཕྱིན་པ་
功德波羅蜜
In the Śrīmālādevī Siṃhanāda Sūtra it is explained that the dharmakāya of a buddha possesses the four perfect qualities of purity, bliss, permanence, and self.
yon tan pha rol tu phyin pa; ; guṇapāramitā
Sanskrit Noun
The state of being devoid of that which is wholly different rather than being void of its own nature. The term is generally used to refer to the ultimate, or buddha-nature, being empty of other phenomena such as adventitious defiling emotions but not empty of its true nature.
Since adventitious, relative entities do not exist at all in reality, they are empty of their own essences; they are self-empty. The innate ultimate, which is the ultimate emptiness of these relative things, is never nonexistent; therefore, it is other-empty. ~ Dölpopa Sherab Gyaltsen, Collected Works ('Dzamthang ed., 1998), Vol. 6: 416. Translated by Douglas Duckworth in "Onto-theology and Emptiness: The Nature of Buddha-Nature." (2014), page 1075.
gzhan stong; ; Zhentong
Tibetan Adjective
The foundational basis of both saṃsāra and nirvāṇa. It is often used as a synonym for tathāgatagarbha and dharmadhātu.
gzhi; ; gzhi
Tibetan Noun
The mainstream teachings and the early schools of Buddhism which primarily taught individual liberation through practice-focused renunciation and monasticism, considered lesser than the later movement of the Greater Vehicle (Mahāyāna), which professed enlightenment for all sentient beings and promoted compassion.
theg dman; ; Hīnayāna
Sanskrit Noun
icchantika
incorrigibles
इच्छन्तिक
འདོད་ཆེན་, འདོད་ཆེན་པོ་
一闡提
Literally, "those with great desire," icchantikas could be rendered as hedonists or addicts. However, the term is generally used to refer to those who, due to their insatiable desire, are incapable of enlightenment.
'dod chen, 'dod chen po; ; icchantika
Sanskrit Noun
The Jonang tradition was established by Dölpopa Sherab Gyaltsen, a thirteenth-century Sakya monk famous for his Zhentong teachings. The Jonang teachings and monasteries were suppressed in Tibet in the seventeenth century but survived in Amdo.
jo nang; ; Jonang
Tibetan School
Primordial purity is a term found in the Dzogchen tradition and refers to the empty nature of phenomena which is experienced through the practice of cutting-through meditation (khregs chod). It is often juxtaposed with spontaneous presence (lhun grub).
ka dag; ; ka dag
Tibetan Noun
The Kadam tradition, which traces its origin to the teachings of Atiśa, was the first of the so-called New Schools of Tibetan Buddhism, traditions which arose during or after the Second Propagation of Buddhism (phyi dar) in the tenth century.
bka' gdams; ; Kadam
Tibetan School
The Kagyu school traces its origin to the eleventh-century translator Marpa, who studied in India with Nāropa. Marpa's student Milarepa trained Gampopa, who founded the first monastery of the Kagyu order. As many as twelve subtraditions grew out from there, the best known being the Karma Kagyu, the Drikung, and the Drukpa.
bka' brgyud; ; Kagyu
Tibetan School
kleśa
afflictive emotions
क्लेश
ཉོན་མོངས་
煩惱
Often referred to as poisons, these are a class of disturbing or disruptive emotional states that when aroused negatively affect or taint the mind.
nyon mongs; ; kleśa
Sanskrit Noun
Although it is commonly used as an abbreviation of ālayavijñāna (kun gzhi'i rnam shes), in later Tibetan traditions, particularly that of the Kagyu and the Nyingma, it came to denote an ultimate or pure basis of mind, as opposed to the ordinary, deluded consciousness represented by the ālayavijñāna. Alternatively, in the Jonang tradition, this pure version is referred to as ālaya-wisdom (kun gzhi'i ye shes).
kun gzhi; ; universal ground
Tibetan Noun
Kālacakra
Wheel of Time
कालचक्र
དུས་ཀྱི་འཁོར་ལོ།
時輪
Can refer to either the Kālacakra Tantra and its derivative texts or to the systematic tantric tradition based on these texts, as well as the deity Kālacakra upon which the associated practices are centered.
dus kyi 'khor lo; ; Kālacakra
Sanskrit Noun
lam rim
stages of the path
मार्गक्रम
ལམ་གྱི་རིམ་པ།, ལམ་རིམ།
Lam rim refers to the stages on the path and, by extension, more commonly to the genre of teachings which contain practical instructions for training on the stages of the path to enlightenment. Related to the blo sbyong practice, it is particularly known among the Kadampa and Geluk schools. Tsongkhapa's Byang chub lam rim chen mo is the most well known in this genre and the term lam rim is often used specifically to refer to this text.
lam gyi rim pa, lam rim; ; lam rim
Tibetan Noun
Along with Yogācāra, it is one of the two major philosophical schools of Mahāyāna Buddhism. Founded by Nāgārjuna around the second century CE, it is rooted in the Prajñāpāramitā Sūtras, though its initial exposition was presented in Nāgārjuna's Mūlamadhyamakakārikā.
dbu ma; ; Madhyamaka
Sanskrit School
Mahāmudrā refers to an advanced meditation tradition in Mahāyāna and Vajrayāna forms of Into-Tibetan Buddhism that is focused on the realization of the empty and luminous nature of the mind. It also refers to the resultant state of buddhahood attained through such meditation practice. In Tibet, this tradition is particularly associated with the Kagyu school, although all other schools also profess this tradition. The term also appears as part of the four seals, alongside dharmamūdra, samayamudrā, and karmamudrā.
phyag rgya chen po; ; Mahāmudrā
Sanskrit Noun
Mahāyoga
Great Yoga, Mahāyoga
महायोग
མཧཱ་ཡོ་ག, རྣལ་འབྱོར་ཆེན་པོ།
This is first one of the inner tantric schools according to the Nyingma tradition. Mahāyoga includes two sub-sections of the tantras which includes eighteen tantras and the sādhanās that includes the eight sādhanā practices. Mahāyoga focuses on the Development Stage and espouses the view of equality and purity in which equality refers to equal nature of phenomena in being empty and purity refers to all appearances being inherently enlightened energies. The Mahāyoga path leads to four stages of vidyadharas.
rnal 'byor chen po; ; Mahāyoga
Sanskrit School
Mahāyāna
Great Vehicle
महायान
ཐེག་པ་ཆེན་པོ།
大乘
Mahāyāna, or the Great Vehicle, refers to the system of Buddhist thought and practice which developed around the beginning of Common Era, focusing on the pursuit of the state of full enlightenment of the Buddha through the realization of the wisdom of emptiness and the cultivation of compassion.
theg pa chen po; ; Mahāyāna
Sanskrit Noun
This is the title of Asaṅga's commentary to the Gyü Lama that is given by Tibetan sources instead of the Ratnagotravibhāgavyākhyā.
theg pa chen po rgyud bla ma'i bstan bcos rnam par bshad pa; ; Mahāyānottaratantraśāstravyākhyā
Sanskrit Text
neyārtha
provisional meaning
नेयार्थ
དྲང་དོན་
Refers to something that is taught for a specific reason, rather than because it is entirely true.
drang don; ; neyārtha
Sanskrit Noun
ngo bo
essential nature
भाव
ངོ་བོ་
Essence or the most basic, fundamental nature or natural state of being. It is often used as a synonym for rang bzhin.
ngo bo; ; ngo bo
Tibetan Noun
Ngok Lotsāwa Loden Sherab's "analytic tradition" of exegesis of the Uttaratantra; one of two major Tibetan traditions of exegesis, both stemming from students of Sajjana.
rngog lugs; ; Analytic Tradition
Tibetan Noun
An fully enlightened Buddha is said to have the power to manifest in many forms in order to help the sentient beings. The emanation body of a buddha, as the third of the three bodies of a buddha, refers to the many forms in which a buddha can manifest and which are accessible to ordinary sentient beings. Buddhist scholars present four types of emanation bodies: emanation as supreme being, emanation as rebirth, emanation as artisan and emanation in diverse forms.
sprul sku; ; nirmāṇakāya
Sanskrit Noun
niḥsvabhāva
lacking intrinsic nature
निःस्वभाव
ངོ་བོ་ཉིད་མེད་པ་
Lacking inherent existence.
ngo bo nyid med pa; ; niḥsvabhāva
Sanskrit Adjective
niḥsvabhāvatā
absence of own being
निःस्वभावता
ངོ་བོ་ཉིད་མེད་པ་ཉིད་
The state of lacking a truly independent existence.
ngo bo nyid med pa nyid; ; niḥsvabhāvatā
Sanskrit Noun
Freedom from conceptual elaborations.
spros bral; ; nonconceptuality
Sanskrit Adjective
The Nyingma, which is often described as the oldest tradition of Tibetan Buddhism, traces its origin to Padmasambhava, who is said to have visited Tibet in the eighth century.
rnying ma; ; Nyingma
Tibetan School
nītārtha
definitive meaning
नीतार्थ
ངེས་དོན་
Refers to a teaching that is literally true.
nges don; ; nītārtha
Sanskrit Noun
According to East Asian Buddhism, the intrinsic enlightenment of all sentient beings. This is obscured by the many stains present in the ālayavijñāna. When these are purified, the natural state of enlightenment is recovered, a status known as "actualized enlightenment."
The essence of Mind is free from thoughts. The characteristic of that which is free from thoughts is analogous to that of the sphere of empty space that pervades everywhere. The one [without any second, i.e., the absolute] aspect of the world of reality (dharmadhātu) is none other than the undifferentiated dharmakāya, the “essence body” of the Tathāgata. [Since the essence of Mind is] grounded on the dharmakāya, it is to be called the original enlightenment. Why? Because “original enlightenment” indicates [the essence of Mind (a priori)] in contradistinction to [the essence of Mind in] the process of actualization of enlightenment; the process of actualization of enlightenment is none other than [the process of integrating] the identity with the original enlightenment. ~ The Awakening of Faith in the Mahāyāna
; ; original enlightenment
Chinese Noun
"Ultimate truth" or "absolute truth"; the reality of things as they truly are.
Simplified English Usage:
"There is no higher truth to be seen. The mind that sees that reality experiences truth as it is. Thus it is called "ultimate truth," the essential mode of existence. For all other truths, their mode of appearance and their essential mode of existence are incongruent. Thus, they are called deceptive and superficial."
- The 14th Dalai Lama, Transcendent Wisdom (1988)
Relative and ultimate,
These the two truths are declared to be.
The ultimate is not within the reach of intellect,
For intellect is said to be the relative. ~ The Way of the Bodhisattva, Padmakara Translation Group, 2008, page 229
don dam bden pa; ; paramārthasatya
Sanskrit Noun
The second of the three natures, according to the Yogācāra school. It is the dependent nature that is used to describe the relationship between mind and its objects, though there is a clear emphasis on the latter. Hence, this nature is concerned with the nature of seemingly external objects that arise in dependence upon causes and conditions.
gzhan dbang gi rang bzhin; ; paratantrasvabhāva
Sanskrit Noun
The first of the three natures, according to the Yogācāra school. It is the imaginary nature which is falsely projected onto an object out of confusion.
kun btags kyi rang bzhin; ; parikalpitasvabhāva
Sanskrit Noun
The third of the three natures, according to the Yogācāra school. It is the perfect nature that represents the most authentic understanding of phenomena, which is classically defined as the complete absence of the imaginary nature within the dependent nature.
yongs su grub pa'i rang bzhin; ; pariniṣpannasvabhāva
Sanskrit Noun
A negation that denies one thing in such a way that it clearly implies another.
ma yin dgag; ; paryudāsapratiṣedha
Sanskrit Noun
The luminous aspect of mind that is often contrasted with its empty aspect. It is often used figuratively to reference the cognizant, or knowing, aspect of mind and sometimes more literally as the natural luminosity of mind and luminous wisdom that is experienced in meditation.
'od gsal gyi sems; ; prabhāsvaracitta
Sanskrit Noun
In a general sense, that which clears away darkness, though it often appears in Buddhist literature in reference to the mind or its nature. It is a particularly salient feature of Tantric literature, especially in regard to the advanced meditation techniques of the completion-stage yogas.
'od gsal; ; luminosity
Sanskrit Noun
One of the key terms for wisdom or knowledge, most often having the sense of insight, transcendent knowledge, or perhaps gnosis. In some contexts it can also refer to cognition or intellectual understanding.
Simplified English Usage:
Three types of wisdom (prajñā) are distinguished in Buddhist teachings: wisdom developed through study or learning, wisdom developed through reflection or analysis, and wisdom developed through cultivation or meditation.
shes rab; ; prajñā
Sanskrit Noun
Prajñāpāramitā
Perfection of Wisdom
प्रज्ञापारमिता
ཤེར་ཕྱིན་, ཤེས་རབ་ཀྱི་ཕ་རོལ་ཏུ་ཕྱིན་པ་
般若波羅蜜多
A class of Mahāyāna sūtras which represents some of the earliest known literature of this genre of Buddhism. There are around forty texts associated with this category, though the most widespread is the exceedingly brief Prajñāpāramitāhṛdayasūtra, popularly known as the Heart Sūtra. This class of literature is typically associated with the second turning of the dharma wheel and especially with the teachings on emptiness (śūnyatā). As such, these texts were the primary scriptural source for the philosophy of the Madhyamaka school.
sher phyin, shes rab kyi pha rol tu phyin pa; ; Prajñāpāramitā
Sanskrit Noun
prakṛtisthagotra
naturally present potential
प्रकृतिस्थगोत्र
རང་བཞིན་གནས་རིགས་
本性住種性
The potential for awakening that is inherently present in all beings.
rang bzhin gnas rigs; ; prakṛtisthagotra
Sanskrit Noun
pramāṇa
correct cognition
प्रमान
ཚད་མ།
量
In the Buddhist literature on pramāṇa, it refers to cognition that correctly apprehends its object without any deception or mistake. Such correct cognition include direct perception and inferential cognition.
tshad ma; ; pramāṇa
Sanskrit Noun
A negation that merely denies the existence of something without implicitly suggesting an alternative.
med dgag; ; prasajyapratiṣedha
Sanskrit Noun
An antidote or remedy that contributes or supports the elimination or pacification of a particular ailment or affliction.
gnyen po; ; pratipakṣa
Sanskrit Noun
Pratyekabuddhas are saints who, in their last birth in the cycle of existence, are said to become enlightened through solitary practice on the nature of dependent ordination. These saints are said to appear when there is no buddha around and work either alone or in small groups.
rang rgyal, rang sangs rgyas; ; Pratyekabuddha
Sanskrit Noun
pratītyasamutpāda
dependent origination
प्रतीत्यसमुत्पाद
རྟེན་ཅིང་འབྲེལ་བར་འབྱུང་བ་, རྟེན་འབྲེལ་
緣起
The notion that all phenomena arise in dependence on causes and conditions.
Because there are no phenomena
That are not dependently arisen,
There are no phenomena
That are not empty. ~ Nāgārjuna. Mūlamadhyamakakārikā Chapter 24, Verse 19.
rten 'brel, rten cing 'brel bar 'byung ba; ; pratītyasamutpāda
Sanskrit Noun
pāramitā
perfection
पारमिता
ཕ་རོལ་ཏུ་ཕྱིན་པ།, ཕར་ཕྱིན།
波羅蜜
The six or ten types of practices which lead an individual to Buddhahood. The practice of perfections is particularly important in Mahāyāna Buddhism in which the entire path of the Bodhisattva to reach full enlightenment is included in the six or ten perfections. The six perfections are that of giving, of discipline, patience, zeal, meditation, and wisdom. The perfection of skill-in-means, aspirations, power, and pristine wisdom are added to them to make ten perfections.
pha rol tu phyin pa, phar phyin; ; pāramitā
Sanskrit Noun
The state of being empty of self, which references the lack of inherent existence in relative phenomena.
Since adventitious, relative entities do not exist at all in reality, they are empty of their own essences; they are self-empty. The innate ultimate, which is the ultimate emptiness of these relative things, is never non-existent; therefore, it is other-empty. ~ Dölpopa Sherab Gyaltsen, Collected Works ('Dzamthang ed., 1998), Vol. 6: 416. Translated by Douglas Duckworth in "Onto-theology and Emptiness: The Nature of Buddha-Nature." (2014), page 1075.
rang stong; ; Rangtong
Tibetan Adjective
The mind's natural mode that abides as suchness, which remains unchanged from the state of an ordinary being up until enlightenment.
rgyu'i rgyud; ; causal continuum
Tibetan Noun
The Sakya tradition developed in the eleventh century in the Khön family of Tsang, which maintained an imperial-era lineage of Vajrakīla and which adopted a new teaching from India known as Lamdre.
sa skya; ; Sakya
Tibetan School
A potential or disposition that is acquired, accentuated, or developed through past karmic actions.
rgyas 'gyur gyi rigs; ; samudānītagotra
Sanskrit Noun
Sangpu Neutok is an important monastery in central Tibet, just south of Lhasa, that was founded in 1072 by Ngok Lekpai Sherab, a disciple of Atiśa, and developed by his nephew, Ngok Lotsāwa Loden Sherab. Originally a Kadam monastery with two colleges, it evolved into a monastery that includes both Sakya and Geluk traditions. At its peak in the 11th to 14th centuries, it was one of the most highly esteemed centers for monastic education and the study of Buddhist philosophy in all of the Tibetan plateau. Many influential philosophers of the time studied there.
gsang phu ne'u thog; ; Sangpu Neutok
Tibetan Place
The new Buddhist schools which began to rise in the second millennium in Tibet after Buddhism declined in the ninth century as a result of the fall of the Yarlung dynasty. The Sarma schools were mostly based on Buddhist teachings freshly received from India and Nepal in contrast to the revival of the old teachings which already existed in Tibet.
gsar ma; ; Sarma
Tibetan School
As opposed to a mere voidness, this phrase refers to an emptiness that is endowed with enlightened qualities and attributes.
rnam kun mchog ldan gyi stong pa nyid; ; emptiness endowed with all supreme aspects
Sanskrit Noun
saṃbhogakāya
enjoyment body
संभोगकाय
ལོངས་སྐུ།, ལོངས་སྤྱོད་རྫོགས་སྐུ།
報身
The physical form of a buddha which resides in a pure buddha realm, possesses the marks and tokens of an enlightened being, teaches Mahāyāna teachings to a retinue of Bodhisattvas for eternity. This embodied form of a buddha is the source from which all the forms of emanation originate.
longs sku, longs spyod rdzogs sku; ; saṃbhogakāya
Sanskrit Noun
saṃvṛtisatya
relative truth
संवृतिसत्य
ཀུན་རྫོབ་བདེན་པ་
世俗諦, 俗諦
"Relative truth" or "conventional truth"; the erroneously perceived reality common to the unenlightened.
Simplified English Usage:
Without a proper understanding of the vast aspects of the relative truth, meditation on Emptiness can be misleading and even dangerous.
- (Khenpo Tsultrim Gyamtso, Progressive Stages of Meditation on Emptiness, 1988)
Relative and ultimate,
These the two truths are declared to be.
The ultimate is not within the reach of intellect,
For intellect is said to be the relative. ~ The Way of the Bodhisattva, Padmakara Translation Group, 2008, page 229
kun rdzob bden pa; ; saṃvṛtisatya
Sanskrit Noun
Commonly found in Dzogchen and Mahāmudrā literature, this term denotes the true, natural state of mind as it is. Often used in these traditions as a synonym for buddha-nature.
sems nyid; ; nature of mind
Tibetan Noun
sugatagarbha
essence of the Bliss Gone One
सुगतगर्भ
བདེ་གཤེགས་སྙིང་པོ་
Literally, the "essence" or "heart of the Bliss Gone One(s)," a synonym for tathāgatagarbha that is likewise often rendered into English by the term buddha-nature. Though it is often back translated into Sanskrit as sugatagarbha, this term is not found in Sanskrit sources.
bde gshegs snying po; ; sugatagarbha
Sanskrit Noun
svabhāva
intrinsic nature
स्वभाव
རང་བཞིན་
自性
The nature or essence of a thing, which originates only from itself and is not dependent on any external entities, causes, or conditions.
rang bzhin; ; svabhāva
Sanskrit Noun
An important term for the Yogācāra that refers to a consciousness of consciousness itself, or how one knows that they know something. It was a hotly debated topic that was disputed by followers of the Madhyamaka. In Tibet it would later become a common Dzogchen term, though with the entirely different meaning of one's own innate awareness (rig pa), a crucial concept in the Dzogchen teachings.
rang rig; ; svasaṃvedana
Sanskrit Noun
sādhana
practice method
साधन
སྒྲུབ་ཐབས།
修行
Sādhana refers to a method of practice through which one can actualise a specific spiritual result, and by extension to the texts and manuals which present such methods. A sādhana in the Vajrayāna Buddhist context generally involves the worship and visualisation of a tantric deity, chanting of mantras, and associated practices. The practice often begins with verses of taking refuge and cultivating altruistic thought, then carrying out meditation on emptiness and the mandala of deity, seven-part worship, chanting of mantras, and finally the dissolution of the deity which was visualised.
sgrub thabs; ; sādhana
Sanskrit Noun
sūtra
discourse, scripture
सूत्र
མདོ།
佛经
Sūtras mainly refer to the discourses delivered by the Buddha and his disciples, and the Sūtra corpus is one of the three main sets of teachings which form the Buddhist canon.
mdo; ; sūtra
Sanskrit Noun
Tantra, when juxtaposed with Sūtra, generally refers to the scriptures and texts which discuss esoteric topics. While the term is used to refer to texts on other topics, it is mostly used to refer to the genre of scriptures and texts on themes and topics associated with Vajrayāna Buddhism.
rgyud; ; tantra
Sanskrit Noun
Suchness itself, absolute reality, or thusness, as in the ultimate state of being of phenomena.
Since the perfect buddhakaya radiates,
Since suchness is undifferentiable,
And because of the disposition,
All beings always possess the buddha heart. Ratnagotravibhāga, Verse I.28 ~ When the Clouds Part, Brunnhölzl, 356–57.
de bzhin nyid; ; tathatā
Sanskrit Noun
Buddha-nature, literally the "womb/essence of those who have gone (to suchness)."
Son of good family, the True Nature (dharmatā) of the dharmas is this:
whether or not tathāgatas appear in the world, all these sentient beings contain at all times a tathāgata.
de bzhin gshegs pa'i snying po; ; tathāgatagarbha
Sanskrit Noun
tattva
Suchness
तत्त्व
དེ་ཁོ་ན་ཉིད།
The reality or the objective state of things as they are. In the Buddhist context, it refers to the ultimate nature of things although what exactly suchness means would depend on the philosophical position of the specific schools. The Middle Way school, for instance, consider emptiness as the suchness of all things.
de kho na nyid; ; tattva
Sanskrit Noun
A Mahāmudrā term for the basic state of consciousness that has not been fabricated or altered in any way.
tha mal gyi shes pa; ; Ordinary Mind
Tibetan Noun
Persons who have experience in meditation on the nature of the mind or emptiness are said to be able to remain in a meditative equipoise after death. Although they have stopped breathing and are clinically dead, they are said to be able to retain their body without decay, often with lustre and flexibility. They are believed to have actualised their buddha-nature at the time of death and attained the state of enlightenment.
thugs dam; ; thugs dam
Tibetan Noun
Three successive stages of the Buddhist teachings. Though they are traditionally attributed to the historical Buddha, modern scholarship tends to view them as developmental stages that occurred over the course of an extended period of time, with interludes of several centuries, in which we see major doctrinal shifts often based on seemingly newly emergent scriptural sources.
From the seventh chapter of the Saṃdhinirmocana Sūtra:
- Then the Bodhisattva Paramārthasamudgata said to the Bhagavan, "Initially, in the Vārānasī area, in the Deer Park called Sages' Teaching, the Bhagavan taught the aspects of the four truths of the Āryas for those who were genuinely engaged in the [Srāvaka] vehicle. The wheel of doctrine you turned at first is wondrous. Similar doctrines had not been promulgated before in the world by gods or humans. However, this wheel of doctrine that the Bhagavan turned is surpassable, provides an opportunity [for refutation], is of interpretable meaning, and serves as a basis for dispute.
- "Then the Bhagavan turned a second wheel of doctrine which is more wondrous still for those who are genuinely engaged in the Great Vehicle, because of the aspect of teaching emptiness, beginning with the lack of own-being of phenomena, and beginning with their absence of production, absence of cessation, quiescence from the start, and being naturally in a state of nirvana. However, this wheel of doctrine that the Bhagavan turned is surpassable, provides an opportunity [for refutation], is of interpretable meaning, and serves as a basis for dispute.
- "Then the Bhagavan turned a third wheel of doctrine, possessing good differentiations, and exceedingly wondrous, for those genuinely engaged in all vehicles, beginning with the lack of own-being of phenomena, and beginning with their absence of production, absence of cessation, quiescence from the start, and being naturally in a state of nirvāna. Moreover, that wheel of doctrine turned by the Bhagavan is unsurpassable, does not provide an opportunity [for refutation], is of definitive meaning, and does not serve as a basis for dispute.
~ Translated from the Tibetan by John Powers, Wisdom of Buddha (1995), pages 139-140.
chos 'khor rim pa gsum; ; tridharmacakrapravartana
Sanskrit Noun
trikāya
three bodies
त्रिकाय
སྐུ་གསུམ།
三身
The three enlightened forms of a buddha one attains when one becomes fully enlightened. They include the truth body (dharmakāya), enjoyment body (saṃbhogakāya), and the emanation body (nirmāṇakāya). The three bodies comprise the many qualities and powers associated with buddhahood and thus are the result sought through Mahāyāna Buddhist practice.
sku gsum; ; trikāya
Sanskrit Noun
According to the Yogācāra school, all phenomena can be divided into three natures or characteristics: the imaginary nature (parikalpitasvabhāva), the dependent nature (paratantrasvabhāva), and the perfect or absolute nature (pariniṣpannasvabhāva).
rang bzhin gsum; ; trisvabhāva
Sanskrit Noun
triviṣa
three poisons
त्रिविष
དུག་གསུམ་
三毒
The three poisons are a reference to the afflictive emotions of rāga (Tib. 'dod chags), dveṣa (Tib. zhe sdang), and moha (Tib. gti mug). These three detrimental states or afflictive behavioral patterns are difficult to definitively translate, and thus there are several common English variations of this group of three, such as desire, aggression, and bewilderment, or attachment, aversion, and delusion. It is useful to think of these three as a process that involves our insatiable urge to possess that which we desire and the ensuing aggravation that arises when we don't get what we want or have what we don't want forced upon us. Yet we are oblivious to the futility of these conditioned responses due to our lack of discernment, and thus we mindlessly continue to get caught up in this causal nexus.
dug gsum; ; Three poisons
Sanskrit Noun
triyāna
three vehicles
त्रियान
ཐེག་པ་གསུམ་
三乗
Commonly seen in a Mahāyāna context, the three vehicles are the Śrāvakayāna, Pratyekabuddhayāna, and Bodhisattvayāna, which reference the three different types of Buddhist practitioners. However, these three vehicles can also reference the three types of Buddhist teachings of the Hīnayāna, Mahāyāna (or Pāramitāyāna), and the Vajrayāna.
theg pa gsum; ; triyāna
Sanskrit Noun
Tsen Khawoche's "meditative tradition" of exegesis of the Uttaratantra; it is one of two major Tibetan traditions of exegesis, both stemming from students of Sajjana.
btsan lugs; ; Meditative Tradition
Tibetan Noun
The Ultimate Continuum, or Gyü Lama, is often used as a short title in the Tibetan tradition for the key source text of buddha-nature teachings called the Ratnagotravibhāga of Maitreya/Asaṅga, also known as the Mahāyānottaratantraśāstra.
rgyud bla ma; ; Uttaratantra
Sanskrit Text
Literally, vajra-footing, or base. In the context of the Ratnagotravibhāga, this is the name given to the seven subjects that are addressed in the treatise. These seven are the buddha, dharma, saṅgha, the element (dhātu), enlightenment (bodhi), enlightened qualities (guṇa), and enlightened activities (karman).
rdo rje'i gnas; ; vajrapada
Sanskrit Noun
Vajrayāna
Diamond Vehicle
वज्रयान
རྡོ་རྗེ་ཐེག་པ།
金剛乘
The esoteric Buddhist tradition which developed as a syncretic system involving deity worship, use of mantras, physical energy, and mystical practices. It is also known as the mantra tradition and the tantric school as a result of being based on texts known as tantras.
rdo rje theg pa; ; Vajrayāna
Sanskrit Noun
Vinaya refers to the corpus of Buddhist teachings on moral discipline and precepts and is one of the three canonical sets of teachings alongside Sūtra and Abhidharma. It also refers to the monastic tradition which has been passed down since the Buddha's time until our time.
'dul ba; ; vinaya
Sanskrit Noun
viparyāsa
misperception, wrong perception
विपर्यास
ཕྱིན་ཅི་ལོག
顚倒
The misperception or incorrect view a person has of reality, which must be overcome by having correct understanding and right view. The four well known incorrect views are seeing impermanent phenomena as permanent, dissatisfactory nature of things as blissful, impure things as pure, and illusory things as absolute and real. However, in the context of buddha-nature theory or other systems, there are also other forms of misconceptions which contradict with objective reality.
phyin ci log; ; viparyāsa
Sanskrit Noun
One of the five types of effects, or fruitions. It refers to an effect that arises from removing that which obscures or hinders it.
bral 'bras; ; freed effect
Sanskrit Noun
Yogācāra
Yoga-Practice school
योगाचार
རྣལ་འབྱོར་སྤྱོད་པ་
瑜伽行派
Along with Madhyamaka, it was one of the two major philosophical schools of Mahāyāna Buddhism. Founded by Asaṅga and Vasubandhu around the fourth century CE, many of its central tenets have roots in the Saṃdhinirmocanasūtra and the so-called third turning of the dharma wheel (see tridharmacakrapravartana).
rnal 'byor spyod pa; ; Yogācāra
Sanskrit School
Mental stains that are not inherent to the nature of the mind but are temporarily present as the residue of past actions or habitual tendencies. It is sometimes iterated as adventitious defilements (Skt. āgantukakleśa, Tib. glo bur gyi nyon mongs), which references the fickle and temporary nature of disturbing emotions that lack an ultimately established basis for existence.
Simplified English Usage:
Even though defilements exist, they are adventitious [to the buddha-element, because the buddha-element] is naturally pure.
- Sangpuwa Lodrö Tsungme, Wangchuk, Tsering trans. The Uttaratantra in the Land of Snows (2017), page 32.
All beings are buddhas,
But this is obscured by adventitious stains.
When those are removed, they are buddhas at once. ~ Adapted from Snellgrove, The Hevajra Tantra: A Critical Study, 1959, page 107
glo bur gyi dri ma; ; Adventitious stains - defilements
Sanskrit Noun
ālayavijñāna
ground consciousness
आलयविज्ञान
ཀུན་གཞིའི་རྣམ་ཤེས་
藏識, 阿賴耶識
A neutral base consciousness that is posited as the storehouse for the seeds of past karmic actions in which they remain in a latent state until the circumstances arise for them to ripen as karmic consequences.
kun gzhi'i rnam shes; ; ālayavijñāna
Sanskrit Noun
ātmaka
embodiment
आत्मक
བདག་ཉིད་ཅན་
Literally, the state of possessing a self. It is usually used to denote something which is endowed with a certain innate, or natural, attribute.
bdag nyid can; ; ātmaka
Sanskrit Noun
Though it can simply be used as the expression "I" or "me", in Indian thought the notion of self refers to a permanent, unchanging entity, such as that which passes from life to life in the case of people, or the innate essence (svabhāva) of phenomena.
bdag; ; ātman
Sanskrit Noun
Literally, that which obscures or conceals. Often listed as a set of two obscurations (sgrib gnyis): the afflictive emotional obscurations (Skt. kleśāvaraṇa, Tib. nyon mongs pa'i sgrib pa) and the cognitive obscurations (Skt. jñeyāvaraṇa, Tib. shes bya'i sgrib pa). By removing the first, one becomes free of suffering, and by removing the second, one becomes omniscient.
sgrib pa; ; obscurations
Sanskrit Noun
śrāvaka
Disciple, Hearer
श्रावक
ཉན་ཐོས།
聲聞
The disciples of the Buddha who aspire to attain individual liberation or nirvāṇa. The final goal of the Hearers is to become an arhat, a state in which one has totally eliminated the inner problems of attachment, hatred and ignorance, the main causes for rebirth in this cycle of existence. There are four stages of a śrāvaka path including eight phases.
nyan thos; ; śrāvaka
Sanskrit Noun
śūnyatā
emptiness
शून्यता
སྟོང་པ་ཉིད་
空, 空門
The state of being empty of an innate nature due to a lack of independently existing characteristics.
Form is emptiness; emptiness is form.
Emptiness is not other than form; form is not other than emptiness. ~ Heart Sūtra
stong pa nyid; ; emptiness
Sanskrit Noun
Noun
This is the meditation of directly observing the mind without engaging in any analytical or intellectual activity. (Thrangu Rinpoche, Transcending Ego, 102).
འཇོག་སྒོམ་
'jog sgom
स्थाप्यभावना
sthāpyabhāvanā
Jok gom
stapyabavana
placement meditation
Noun
Abhidharma generally refers to the corpus of Buddhist texts which deals with the typological, phenomenological, metaphysical, and epistemological presentation of Buddhist concepts and teachings. The abhidharma teachings present a meta-knowledge of Buddhist sūtras through analytical and systemic schemas and are said to focus on developing wisdom among the three principles of training. The Abhidharma is presented alongside Sūtra and Vinaya as one of the three baskets of the teachings of the Buddha.
ཆོས་མངོན་པ།
chos mngon pa
अभिधर्म
abhidharma
Chö ngonpa
abhidharma
阿毗达磨
āpídámó
abhidharma
Noun
Actualized enlightenment is enlightenment that is attained through practice. It is contrasted with original enlightenment, which is the mind's innate purity in its natural state. Ultimately, there is no difference between them. Because of the presence of ignorance, sentient beings are blind to their true nature. By removing that ignorance, one actualizes enlightenment.
始覺
shijue
shikaku
actualized enlightenment
Adjective
Literally, "without duality," it refers to that which is indivisible, in that it is not divided into two.
གཉིས་མེད་
gnyis med
अद्वय
advaya
不二
bu’er, bù èr
funi
nonduality
Noun
The ninth consciousness, the immaculate pure mind.
dri ma med pa'i rnam shes
*amalavijñāna
啊摩羅識, 無垢識
amoluo shi, wugou shi
amarashiki, mukushiki
immaculate consciousness
School
The second set of the three inner tantras and the eighth of the nine vehicles according to the Nyingma tradition. Anuyoga includes many yogini tantras and focuses on the Completion Stage practices of sacred channels, energies and essential fluids and espouses the actualisation of empty bliss.
ཨ་ནུ་ཡོ་ག
anu yo ga
अनुयोग
Anuyoga
Anuyoga
Anuyoga
Anuyoga, Subsequent Yoga
Noun
The nonexistence of the self as a permanent, unchanging entity.
བདག་མེད་པ་
bdag med pa
अनात्मन्
dakmépa
无我
wúwǒ
muga
selflessness
Noun
A person who has reached nirvāṇa by eliminating the three poisons of attachment, hatred and ignorance having followed the path of seeking individual liberation as a Śrāvaka or a Pratyekabuddha. An arhat, thus, is a person who has overcome the cause of rebirth in the cycle of existence and will not take an ordinary birth again.
དགྲ་བཅོམ་པ།
dgra bcom
अर्हत्
arhat
drachöm
arhat
阿羅漢
ā luó hàn
阿羅漢
arakan
arhat
School
A system of esoteric thought and practice associated with the Nyingma tradition and equivalent to Great Perfection, it is considered as the pinnacle of the nine vehicles or paths one can follow to reach Buddhahood. The system focusses on the pure, luminous and empty nature of the mind as the ground reality which must be realised through the path of trekchö and thögal practice.
ཤིན་ཏུ་རྣལ་འབྱོར།, ཨ་ཏི་ཡོ་ག
ati yoga, shin tu rnal 'byor
अतियोग
atiyoga
atiyoga
atiyoga
Utmost Yoga
Noun
Literally "unknowing," it refers to a lack of knowledge or misunderstanding of the nature of reality. As such, it is considered to be the root cause of suffering and the basis for the arising of all other negative mental factors.
མ་རིག་པ་
ma rig pa
अविद्या
avidyā
marikpa
無明
wú míng
mumyō
ignorance
Noun
A plateau of spiritual development.
ས་
sa
भूमि
bhūmi
ji
developmental stage
Noun
Enlightenment or awakening. In Tibetan it is translated as "purified" (byang) and "perfected" (chub), which corresponds to Siddhartha Gautama's achievement of purifying all obscurations and perfecting or attaining all qualities associated with a buddha.
བྱང་ཆུབ་
byang chub
बोधि
bodhi
Changchub
bodhi
悟, 菩提, 覺
jué, pú tí, wù
悟り
satori
enlightenment
Noun
The altruistic thought to seek enlightenment for the sake of all sentient beings. It is said to have two aspects: compassion aimed at sentient beings and their problems and the wisdom of enlightenment as the solution.
བྱང་ཆུབ་སེམས།
byang chub sems
बोधिचित्त
bodhicitta
jangchubsem
bodhicitta
菩提心
pútí xīn
mind of enlightenment
Noun
An alternative term for tathāgatagarbha found in early Nyingma sources. Though it is back-translated as bodhigarbha, this term does not seem to be found in Sanskrit sources. However, in other contexts, the Tibetan byang chub snying po is often used to translate the Sanskrit term bodhimaṇḍa, which is often translated as the "seat of enlightenment."
བྱང་ཆུབ་སྙིང་པོ་
byang chub snying po
बोधिगर्भ
bodhigarbha
jangchub nyingpo
quintessence of awakening
Noun
A person who seeks enlightenment for the sake of others. In Mahāyāna Buddhism, a Bodhisattva is a compassionate being who is training on the path to Buddhahood and aspires to eliminate the suffering of all beings and take all sentient beings to the state of enlightenment. The Mahāyāna sūtras including those on buddha-nature generally have Bodhisattvas as the main audience or interlocutors for the Buddha's discourses.
བྱང་ཆུབ་སེམས་དཔའ།
byang chub sems dpa'
बोधिसत्त्व
bodhisattva
jangchub sempa
bodhisattva
菩薩
pú sà
菩薩
bosatsu
Bodhisattva
Noun
Brahman is the universal principle, supreme truth or ultimate reality in the Hindu religion considered to be absolute, eternal and blissful. A metaphysical concept, it is described as the single binding unity behind the diversity of all that exists. In Buddhism, while this metaphysical principle is not presented, one finds frequent mention of the deity named Brahmā, who is the personification of this principle.
ཚངས་པ།
tshangs pa
ब्रह्मन्
Brahman
tshangpa
Brahman
Brahman
Noun
A synonym for tathāgatagarbha widely used throughout the East Asian Buddhist traditions, as found in its translations as the Chinese term fó xìng and Japanese term busshō.
སངས་རྒྱས་ཀྱི་ཁམས་
sangs rgyas kyi khams
बुद्धधातु
buddhadhātu
sangye kyi kham
佛性
fó xìng
busshō
buddha-element
Text
This refers to a series of five texts that, according to the Tibetan tradition, Asaṅga received directly from Maitreya in the pure realm of Tuṣita.
བྱམས་ཆོས་སྡེ་ལྔ་
byams chos sde lnga
jam chöde nga
Five Dharma Treatises of Maitreya
Noun
A seed, commonly used figuratively in the sense of something which has the potential to develop or grow, and likewise as the basic cause for this development or growth.
ས་བོན་
sa bon
बीज
bīja
無漏種
zhongzi
shuji
seed
Noun
Though it is sometimes used synonymously with Yogācāra, it is in fact one of the more prominent philosophical theories associated with this school. It asserts that the objects in the external world with which we interact are actually mentally created representations appearing as those objects. The character of these perceptions is predetermined by our own karmic conditioning that is stored in the ālayavijñāna.
སེམས་ཙམ་
sems tsam
चित्तमात्र
cittamātra
sem tsam
chittamatra
weixin
yuishin
Mind-Only
Noun
The fundamental expanse from which all phenomena emerge.
ཆོས་དབྱིངས་
chos dbyings
धर्मधातु
dharmadhātu
chöying
法界
expanse of phenomena
Noun
"Truth body" or "true being" — One of the three bodies of a buddha. In Mahāyāna Buddhism, it often refers to a kind of fundamental principle or the true nature of reality itself.
ཆོས་སྐུ་
chos sku
धर्मकाय
dharmakāya
chö ku
法身
fǎ shēn
hosshin
true being
Noun
The true nature of phenomenal existence.
ཆོས་ཉིད་
chos nyid
धर्मता
chönyi
法性
fǎ xìng
hosshō
nature of reality
Noun
A fundamental component or essential constituent.
ཁམས་
khams
धातु
dhātu
kham
界
jiè
element
Noun
Analytical meditation is a technique involving critical analysis that focuses the mind on a specific contemplation, such as impermanence.
དཔྱད་སྒོམ་
dpyad sgom
che gom
analytical meditation
Noun
Dzogchen is an advanced system of meditation techniques to reveal the innate state of perfection primarily, but not exclusively, espoused by the Nyingma Buddhist tradition and the Tibetan Bön tradition.
རྫོགས་ཆེན།
rdzogs chen
महासन्धि
mahāsaṅdhi
dzogchen
Great Perfection
Noun
The notion that ultimately there is only one vehicle, or means, of achieving enlightenment.
ཐེག་པ་གཅིག་པ་
theg pa gcig pa
एकयान
tekpa chikpa
一乘
yīchéng
いちじょう
ichijō
single vehicle
School
The Geluk tradition traces its origin to Tsongkhapa, who propagated a modified version of the Kadampa lojong and lamrim teachings. It is the dominant tradition of Tibet, having established its control of the government under the figure of the Dalai Lama.
དགེ་ལུགས་
dge lugs
ge luk
Geluk
Noun
Disposition, lineage, or class; an individual's gotra determines the type of enlightenment one is destined to attain.
རིགས་
rigs
गोत्र
gotra
種性, 鍾姓
zhōng xìng
potential
Noun
The term Great Madhyamaka is utilized in different contexts depending on the tradition. In the Jonang tradition, it generally refers to the Zhentong Madhyamaka philosophy as it was developed and systematized by Dölpopa. In this context, the Great Madhyamaka refers to the presentation of ultimate truth, while Madhyamaka describes the emptiness of the relative level of truth. In the Nyingma tradition, Great Madhyamaka refers to the subtle, inner Madhyamaka that unifies the philosophical positions of Nāgārjuna and Asaṅga. This is presented in opposition to the coarse, outer Madhyamaka that is the dialectic approach of Prāsaṅgika and Svātantrika. In the Kagyu tradition, the term is used in a similar vein in that Madhyamaka is used to refer to philosophical inquiry, while Great Madhyamaka is used to refer to the view arrived at through yogic accomplishment. However, in all of these traditions, Great Madhyamaka is heavily associated with buddha-nature (tathāgatagarbha) and the definitive status of these teachings.
དབུ་མ་ཆེན་པོ་
dbu ma chen po
महामध्यमक
Mahāmadhyamaka
Uma Chenpo
Great Middle Way
Noun
The qualities or attributes of an enlightened being.
ཡོན་ཏན་
yon tan
गुण
yönten
功德
gōng dé
kudoku
enlightened qualities
Noun
In the Śrīmālādevī Siṃhanāda Sūtra it is explained that the dharmakāya of a buddha possesses the four perfect qualities of purity, bliss, permanence, and self.
ཡོན་ཏན་ཕ་རོལ་ཏུ་ཕྱིན་པ་
yon tan pha rol tu phyin pa
गुणपारमिता
guṇapāramitā
功德波羅蜜
gōngdébōluómì
kudokuharamitsu
perfect qualities
Adjective
The state of being devoid of that which is wholly different rather than being void of its own nature. The term is generally used to refer to the ultimate, or buddha-nature, being empty of other phenomena such as adventitious defiling emotions but not empty of its true nature.
གཞན་སྟོང་
gzhan stong
zhentong
other-emptiness
Noun
The foundational basis of both saṃsāra and nirvāṇa. It is often used as a synonym for tathāgatagarbha and dharmadhātu.
གཞི་
gzhi
shi
ground
Noun
The mainstream teachings and the early schools of Buddhism which primarily taught individual liberation through practice-focused renunciation and monasticism, considered lesser than the later movement of the Greater Vehicle (Mahāyāna), which professed enlightenment for all sentient beings and promoted compassion.
ཐེག་དམན།
theg dman
हीनयान
hīnayāna
thekmen
小乘
xiǎo chéng
Lesser Vehicle
Noun
Literally, "those with great desire," icchantikas could be rendered as hedonists or addicts. However, the term is generally used to refer to those who, due to their insatiable desire, are incapable of enlightenment.
འདོད་ཆེན་, འདོད་ཆེན་པོ་
'dod chen, 'dod chen po
इच्छन्तिक
icchantika
döchen, döchenpo
ichantika
一闡提
yī chǎn tí
issendai
incorrigibles
School
The Jonang tradition was established by Dölpopa Sherab Gyaltsen, a thirteenth-century Sakya monk famous for his Zhentong teachings. The Jonang teachings and monasteries were suppressed in Tibet in the seventeenth century but survived in Amdo.
ཇོ་ནང་
jo nang
jo nang
Jonang
Noun
Primordial purity is a term found in the Dzogchen tradition and refers to the empty nature of phenomena which is experienced through the practice of cutting-through meditation (khregs chod). It is often juxtaposed with spontaneous presence (lhun grub).
ཀ་དག
ka dag
kadak
primordial purity
School
The Kadam tradition, which traces its origin to the teachings of Atiśa, was the first of the so-called New Schools of Tibetan Buddhism, traditions which arose during or after the Second Propagation of Buddhism (phyi dar) in the tenth century.
བཀའ་གདམས་
bka' gdams
ka dam
Kadam
School
The Kagyu school traces its origin to the eleventh-century translator Marpa, who studied in India with Nāropa. Marpa's student Milarepa trained Gampopa, who founded the first monastery of the Kagyu order. As many as twelve subtraditions grew out from there, the best known being the Karma Kagyu, the Drikung, and the Drukpa.
བཀའ་བརྒྱུད་
bka' brgyud
ka gyu
Kagyu
Noun
Often referred to as poisons, these are a class of disturbing or disruptive emotional states that when aroused negatively affect or taint the mind.
ཉོན་མོངས་
nyon mongs
क्लेश
kleśa
nyönmong
klesha
煩惱
fànnǎo
bonnō
afflictive emotions
Noun
Although it is commonly used as an abbreviation of ālayavijñāna (kun gzhi'i rnam shes), in later Tibetan traditions, particularly that of the Kagyu and the Nyingma, it came to denote an ultimate or pure basis of mind, as opposed to the ordinary, deluded consciousness represented by the ālayavijñāna. Alternatively, in the Jonang tradition, this pure version is referred to as ālaya-wisdom (kun gzhi'i ye shes).
ཀུན་གཞི་
kun gzhi
आलय
ālaya
kunzhi
universal ground
Noun
Can refer to either the Kālacakra Tantra and its derivative texts or to the systematic tantric tradition based on these texts, as well as the deity Kālacakra upon which the associated practices are centered.
དུས་ཀྱི་འཁོར་ལོ།
dus kyi 'khor lo
कालचक्र
dukyi khorlo
時輪
shí lún
Wheel of Time
Noun
Lam rim refers to the stages on the path and, by extension, more commonly to the genre of teachings which contain practical instructions for training on the stages of the path to enlightenment. Related to the blo sbyong practice, it is particularly known among the Kadampa and Geluk schools. Tsongkhapa's Byang chub lam rim chen mo is the most well known in this genre and the term lam rim is often used specifically to refer to this text.
ལམ་གྱི་རིམ་པ།, ལམ་རིམ།
lam gyi rim pa, lam rim
मार्गक्रम
mārgakrama
lamrim
mārgakrama
stages of the path
School
Along with Yogācāra, it is one of the two major philosophical schools of Mahāyāna Buddhism. Founded by Nāgārjuna around the second century CE, it is rooted in the Prajñāpāramitā Sūtras, though its initial exposition was presented in Nāgārjuna's Mūlamadhyamakakārikā.
དབུ་མ་
dbu ma
मध्यमक
Madhyamaka
uma
中觀見
Zhōngguān Jìan
Middle Way school
Noun
Mahāmudrā refers to an advanced meditation tradition in Mahāyāna and Vajrayāna forms of Into-Tibetan Buddhism that is focused on the realization of the empty and luminous nature of the mind. It also refers to the resultant state of buddhahood attained through such meditation practice. In Tibet, this tradition is particularly associated with the Kagyu school, although all other schools also profess this tradition. The term also appears as part of the four seals, alongside dharmamūdra, samayamudrā, and karmamudrā.
ཕྱག་རྒྱ་ཆེན་པོ།
phyag rgya chen po
महामुद्रा
mahāmudrā
Chagya chenpo
Great Seal
School
This is first one of the inner tantric schools according to the Nyingma tradition. Mahāyoga includes two sub-sections of the tantras which includes eighteen tantras and the sādhanās that includes the eight sādhanā practices. Mahāyoga focuses on the Development Stage and espouses the view of equality and purity in which equality refers to equal nature of phenomena in being empty and purity refers to all appearances being inherently enlightened energies. The Mahāyoga path leads to four stages of vidyadharas.
མཧཱ་ཡོ་ག, རྣལ་འབྱོར་ཆེན་པོ།
rnal 'byor chen po
महायोग
Mahāyoga
naljor chenpo
Mahāyoga
Great Yoga, Mahāyoga
Noun
Mahāyāna, or the Great Vehicle, refers to the system of Buddhist thought and practice which developed around the beginning of Common Era, focusing on the pursuit of the state of full enlightenment of the Buddha through the realization of the wisdom of emptiness and the cultivation of compassion.
ཐེག་པ་ཆེན་པོ།
theg pa chen po
महायान
mahāyāna
thekpa chenpo
大乘
dasheng
Great Vehicle
Text
This is the title of Asaṅga's commentary to the Gyü Lama that is given by Tibetan sources instead of the Ratnagotravibhāgavyākhyā.
ཐེག་པ་ཆེན་པོ་རྒྱུད་བླ་མའི་བསྟན་བཅོས་རྣམ་པར་བཤད་པ།
theg pa chen po rgyud bla ma'i bstan bcos rnam par bshad pa
महायानोत्तरतन्त्रशास्त्रव्याख्या
Noun
Refers to something that is taught for a specific reason, rather than because it is entirely true.
དྲང་དོན་
drang don
नेयार्थ
neyārtha
provisional meaning
Noun
Essence or the most basic, fundamental nature or natural state of being. It is often used as a synonym for rang bzhin.
ངོ་བོ་
ngo bo
भाव
bhāva
ngowo
essential nature
Noun
Ngok Lotsāwa Loden Sherab's "analytic tradition" of exegesis of the Uttaratantra; one of two major Tibetan traditions of exegesis, both stemming from students of Sajjana.
རྔོག་ལུགས་
rngog lugs
ngok luk
Noun
An fully enlightened Buddha is said to have the power to manifest in many forms in order to help the sentient beings. The emanation body of a buddha, as the third of the three bodies of a buddha, refers to the many forms in which a buddha can manifest and which are accessible to ordinary sentient beings. Buddhist scholars present four types of emanation bodies: emanation as supreme being, emanation as rebirth, emanation as artisan and emanation in diverse forms.
སྤྲུལ་སྐུ།
sprul sku
निर्माणकाय
nirmāṇakāya
trulku
nirmāṇakāya
化身
haushen
keshin
emanation body
Adjective
Lacking inherent existence.
ངོ་བོ་ཉིད་མེད་པ་
ngo bo nyid med pa
निःस्वभाव
niḥsvabhāva
lacking intrinsic nature
Noun
The state of lacking a truly independent existence.
ངོ་བོ་ཉིད་མེད་པ་ཉིད་
ngo bo nyid med pa nyid
निःस्वभावता
niḥsvabhāvatā
absence of own being
Adjective
Freedom from conceptual elaborations.
སྤྲོས་བྲལ་
spros bral
निष्प्रपञ्च
niṣprapañca
nonconceptuality
School
The Nyingma, which is often described as the oldest tradition of Tibetan Buddhism, traces its origin to Padmasambhava, who is said to have visited Tibet in the eighth century.
རྙིང་མ་
rnying ma
nying ma
Noun
Refers to a teaching that is literally true.
ངེས་དོན་
nges don
नीतार्थ
nītārtha
ngedön
definitive meaning
Noun
According to East Asian Buddhism, the intrinsic enlightenment of all sentient beings. This is obscured by the many stains present in the ālayavijñāna. When these are purified, the natural state of enlightenment is recovered, a status known as "actualized enlightenment."
本覺
benjue
honggaku
original enlightenment
Noun
"Ultimate truth" or "absolute truth"; the reality of things as they truly are.
དོན་དམ་བདེན་པ་
don dam bden pa
परमार्थसत्य
paramārthasatya
dön dam denpa
眞諦, 第一義諦
dì yī yì dì, zhendì
daiichigitai, shintai
ultimate truth
Noun
The second of the three natures, according to the Yogācāra school. It is the dependent nature that is used to describe the relationship between mind and its objects, though there is a clear emphasis on the latter. Hence, this nature is concerned with the nature of seemingly external objects that arise in dependence upon causes and conditions.
གཞན་དབང་གི་རང་བཞིན་
gzhan dbang gi rang bzhin
परतन्त्रस्वभाव
paratantrasvabhāva
zhenwang gi rangzhin
dependent nature
Noun
The first of the three natures, according to the Yogācāra school. It is the imaginary nature which is falsely projected onto an object out of confusion.
ཀུན་བཏགས་ཀྱི་རང་བཞིན་
kun btags kyi rang bzhin
परिकल्पितस्वभाव
parikalpitasvabhāva
kuntak kyi rangzhin
imaginary nature
Noun
The third of the three natures, according to the Yogācāra school. It is the perfect nature that represents the most authentic understanding of phenomena, which is classically defined as the complete absence of the imaginary nature within the dependent nature.
ཡོངས་སུ་གྲུབ་པའི་རང་བཞིན་
yongs su grub pa'i rang bzhin
परिनिष्पन्नस्वभाव
pariniṣpannasvabhāva
consummate nature
Noun
A negation that denies one thing in such a way that it clearly implies another.
མ་ཡིན་དགག་
ma yin dgag
पर्युदासप्रतिषेध
paryudāsapratiṣedha
ma yin gak
implicative negation
Noun
The luminous aspect of mind that is often contrasted with its empty aspect. It is often used figuratively to reference the cognizant, or knowing, aspect of mind and sometimes more literally as the natural luminosity of mind and luminous wisdom that is experienced in meditation.
འོད་གསལ་གྱི་སེམས་
'od gsal gyi sems
प्रभास्वरचित्त
ösel gyi sem
光明心
guāng míng xīn
kōmyōshin
luminous mind
Noun
In a general sense, that which clears away darkness, though it often appears in Buddhist literature in reference to the mind or its nature. It is a particularly salient feature of Tantric literature, especially in regard to the advanced meditation techniques of the completion-stage yogas.
འོད་གསལ་
'od gsal
प्रभास्वर
ösel
光明
guāng míng
kōmyō
luminosity
Noun
One of the key terms for wisdom or knowledge, most often having the sense of insight, transcendent knowledge, or perhaps gnosis. In some contexts it can also refer to cognition or intellectual understanding.
ཤེས་རབ་
shes rab
प्रज्ञा
prajñā
sherab
般若
bān ruò
wisdom
Noun
A class of Mahāyāna sūtras which represents some of the earliest known literature of this genre of Buddhism. There are around forty texts associated with this category, though the most widespread is the exceedingly brief Prajñāpāramitāhṛdayasūtra, popularly known as the Heart Sūtra. This class of literature is typically associated with the second turning of the dharma wheel and especially with the teachings on emptiness (śūnyatā). As such, these texts were the primary scriptural source for the philosophy of the Madhyamaka school.
ཤེར་ཕྱིན་, ཤེས་རབ་ཀྱི་ཕ་རོལ་ཏུ་ཕྱིན་པ་
sher phyin, shes rab kyi pha rol tu phyin pa
प्रज्ञापारमिता
prajñāpāramitā
般若波羅蜜多
bōrě bōluómìduō
hannya haramitta
Perfection of Wisdom
Noun
The potential for awakening that is inherently present in all beings.
རང་བཞིན་གནས་རིགས་
rang bzhin gnas rigs
प्रकृतिस्थगोत्र
prakṛtisthagotra
rangzhin nerik
本性住種性
běn xìng zhù zhǒng xìng
honshōjūshushō
naturally present potential
Noun
In the Buddhist literature on pramāṇa, it refers to cognition that correctly apprehends its object without any deception or mistake. Such correct cognition include direct perception and inferential cognition.
ཚད་མ།
tshad ma
प्रमान
pramāṇa
tshema
pramana
量
liàng
correct cognition
Noun
A negation that merely denies the existence of something without implicitly suggesting an alternative.
མེད་དགག་
med dgag
प्रसज्यप्रतिषेध
prasajyapratiṣedha
me gak
nonimplicative negation
Noun
An antidote or remedy that contributes or supports the elimination or pacification of a particular ailment or affliction.
གཉེན་པོ་
gnyen po
प्रतिपक्ष
nyenpo
pratipaksha
對治
duizhi, duì zhì
taiji
antidote
Noun
Pratyekabuddhas are saints who, in their last birth in the cycle of existence, are said to become enlightened through solitary practice on the nature of dependent ordination. These saints are said to appear when there is no buddha around and work either alone or in small groups.
རང་རྒྱལ།, རང་སངས་རྒྱས།
rang rgyal, rang sangs rgyas
प्रत्येकबुद्ध
pratyekabuddha
rang sangye, rangyal
pratyekabuddha
緣覺
yuán jué
solitary realizer
Noun
The notion that all phenomena arise in dependence on causes and conditions.
རྟེན་ཅིང་འབྲེལ་བར་འབྱུང་བ་, རྟེན་འབྲེལ་
rten 'brel, rten cing 'brel bar 'byung ba
प्रतीत्यसमुत्पाद
ten drel, tenching drelwar jungwa
緣起
yuánqǐ
engi
dependent origination
Noun
The six or ten types of practices which lead an individual to Buddhahood. The practice of perfections is particularly important in Mahāyāna Buddhism in which the entire path of the Bodhisattva to reach full enlightenment is included in the six or ten perfections. The six perfections are that of giving, of discipline, patience, zeal, meditation, and wisdom. The perfection of skill-in-means, aspirations, power, and pristine wisdom are added to them to make ten perfections.
ཕ་རོལ་ཏུ་ཕྱིན་པ།, ཕར་ཕྱིན།
pha rol tu phyin pa, phar phyin
पारमिता
pāramitā
pa rol tu phyin pa, pharchin
pāramitā
波羅蜜
Bōluómì duō
haramitsu
perfection
Adjective
The state of being empty of self, which references the lack of inherent existence in relative phenomena.
རང་སྟོང་
rang stong
rangtong
self-emptiness
Noun
The mind's natural mode that abides as suchness, which remains unchanged from the state of an ordinary being up until enlightenment.
རྒྱུའི་རྒྱུད་
rgyu'i rgyud
gyu gyu
causal continuum
School
The Sakya tradition developed in the eleventh century in the Khön family of Tsang, which maintained an imperial-era lineage of Vajrakīla and which adopted a new teaching from India known as Lamdre.
ས་སྐྱ་
sa skya
sa kya
Sakya
Noun
A potential or disposition that is acquired, accentuated, or developed through past karmic actions.
རྒྱས་འགྱུར་གྱི་རིགས་
rgyas 'gyur gyi rigs
समुदानीतगोत्र
samudānītagotra
gye gyur kyi rik
習所成種性
xí suǒ chéng zhǒng xìng
shūshushō
acquired potential
Place
Sangpu Neutok is an important monastery in central Tibet, just south of Lhasa, that was founded in 1072 by Ngok Lekpai Sherab, a disciple of Atiśa, and developed by his nephew, Ngok Lotsāwa Loden Sherab. Originally a Kadam monastery with two colleges, it evolved into a monastery that includes both Sakya and Geluk traditions. At its peak in the 11th to 14th centuries, it was one of the most highly esteemed centers for monastic education and the study of Buddhist philosophy in all of the Tibetan plateau. Many influential philosophers of the time studied there.
གསང་ཕུ་ནེའུ་ཐོག་
gsang phu ne'u thog
Sangpu Neutok
School
The new Buddhist schools which began to rise in the second millennium in Tibet after Buddhism declined in the ninth century as a result of the fall of the Yarlung dynasty. The Sarma schools were mostly based on Buddhist teachings freshly received from India and Nepal in contrast to the revival of the old teachings which already existed in Tibet.
གསར་མ།
gsar ma
sarma
New School
Noun
As opposed to a mere voidness, this phrase refers to an emptiness that is endowed with enlightened qualities and attributes.
རྣམ་ཀུན་མཆོག་ལྡན་གྱི་སྟོང་པ་ཉིད་
rnam kun mchog ldan gyi stong pa nyid
emptiness endowed with all supreme aspects
Noun
The physical form of a buddha which resides in a pure buddha realm, possesses the marks and tokens of an enlightened being, teaches Mahāyāna teachings to a retinue of Bodhisattvas for eternity. This embodied form of a buddha is the source from which all the forms of emanation originate.
ལོངས་སྐུ།, ལོངས་སྤྱོད་རྫོགས་སྐུ།
longs sku, longs spyod rdzogs sku
संभोगकाय
saṃbhogakāya
longchö dzoku, longku
saṃbhogakāya
報身
baoshen
höjin
enjoyment body
Noun
"Relative truth" or "conventional truth"; the erroneously perceived reality common to the unenlightened.
ཀུན་རྫོབ་བདེན་པ་
kun rdzob bden pa
संवृतिसत्य
saṃvṛtisatya
kundzop denpa
世俗諦, 俗諦
shì sú dì, sú dì
sezokutai, zokutai
relative truth
Noun
Commonly found in Dzogchen and Mahāmudrā literature, this term denotes the true, natural state of mind as it is. Often used in these traditions as a synonym for buddha-nature.
སེམས་ཉིད་
sems nyid
चित्तत्व
cittatva
semnyi
nature of mind
Noun
Literally, the "essence" or "heart of the Bliss Gone One(s)," a synonym for tathāgatagarbha that is likewise often rendered into English by the term buddha-nature. Though it is often back translated into Sanskrit as sugatagarbha, this term is not found in Sanskrit sources.
བདེ་གཤེགས་སྙིང་པོ་
bde gshegs snying po
सुगतगर्भ
deshek nyingpo
essence of the Bliss Gone One
Noun
The nature or essence of a thing, which originates only from itself and is not dependent on any external entities, causes, or conditions.
རང་བཞིན་
rang bzhin
स्वभाव
svabhāva
rangzhin
自性
zìxìng
intrinsic nature
Noun
An important term for the Yogācāra that refers to a consciousness of consciousness itself, or how one knows that they know something. It was a hotly debated topic that was disputed by followers of the Madhyamaka. In Tibet it would later become a common Dzogchen term, though with the entirely different meaning of one's own innate awareness (rig pa), a crucial concept in the Dzogchen teachings.
རང་རིག་
rang rig
स्वसंवेदन
rangrik
自證分
zìzhèngfēn
jishō
self-awareness
Noun
Sādhana refers to a method of practice through which one can actualise a specific spiritual result, and by extension to the texts and manuals which present such methods. A sādhana in the Vajrayāna Buddhist context generally involves the worship and visualisation of a tantric deity, chanting of mantras, and associated practices. The practice often begins with verses of taking refuge and cultivating altruistic thought, then carrying out meditation on emptiness and the mandala of deity, seven-part worship, chanting of mantras, and finally the dissolution of the deity which was visualised.
སྒྲུབ་ཐབས།
sgrub thabs
साधन
sādhana
drupthab
sādhana
修行
chengjiu, xiūxíng
jōjuhō
practice method
Noun
Sūtras mainly refer to the discourses delivered by the Buddha and his disciples, and the Sūtra corpus is one of the three main sets of teachings which form the Buddhist canon.
མདོ།
mdo
सूत्र
sūtra
dho
佛经
fújīng
discourse, scripture
Noun
Tantra, when juxtaposed with Sūtra, generally refers to the scriptures and texts which discuss esoteric topics. While the term is used to refer to texts on other topics, it is mostly used to refer to the genre of scriptures and texts on themes and topics associated with Vajrayāna Buddhism.
རྒྱུད།
rgyud
तन्त्र
tantra
gyu
tantra
密宗
mìzōng
continuum
Noun
Suchness itself, absolute reality, or thusness, as in the ultimate state of being of phenomena.
དེ་བཞིན་ཉིད་
de bzhin nyid
तथता
tathatā
day zhin nyi
suchness
Noun
Buddha-nature, literally the "womb/essence of those who have gone (to suchness)."
དེ་བཞིན་གཤེགས་པའི་སྙིང་པོ་
de bzhin gshegs pa'i snying po
तथागतगर्भ
tathāgatagarbha
tatagatagarbha
如来藏
rúláizàng
buddha-nature
Noun
The reality or the objective state of things as they are. In the Buddhist context, it refers to the ultimate nature of things although what exactly suchness means would depend on the philosophical position of the specific schools. The Middle Way school, for instance, consider emptiness as the suchness of all things.
དེ་ཁོ་ན་ཉིད།
de kho na nyid
तत्त्व
tattva
dekhonyi
tattva
shixiang
jissö
Suchness
Noun
A Mahāmudrā term for the basic state of consciousness that has not been fabricated or altered in any way.
ཐ་མལ་གྱི་ཤེས་པ་
tha mal gyi shes pa
*prākṛtajñāna
tamal gyi shepa
ordinary mind
Noun
Persons who have experience in meditation on the nature of the mind or emptiness are said to be able to remain in a meditative equipoise after death. Although they have stopped breathing and are clinically dead, they are said to be able to retain their body without decay, often with lustre and flexibility. They are believed to have actualised their buddha-nature at the time of death and attained the state of enlightenment.
ཐུགས་དམ།
thugs dam
thugdam
meditation at death
Noun
Three successive stages of the Buddhist teachings. Though they are traditionally attributed to the historical Buddha, modern scholarship tends to view them as developmental stages that occurred over the course of an extended period of time, with interludes of several centuries, in which we see major doctrinal shifts often based on seemingly newly emergent scriptural sources.
ཆོས་འཁོར་རིམ་པ་གསུམ་
chos 'khor rim pa gsum
त्रिधर्मचक्रप्रवर्तन
tridharmacakrapravartana
chökhor rimpa sum
the three turnings of the wheel of dharma
Noun
The three enlightened forms of a buddha one attains when one becomes fully enlightened. They include the truth body (dharmakāya), enjoyment body (saṃbhogakāya), and the emanation body (nirmāṇakāya). The three bodies comprise the many qualities and powers associated with buddhahood and thus are the result sought through Mahāyāna Buddhist practice.
སྐུ་གསུམ།
sku gsum
त्रिकाय
trikāya
kusum
三身
sānshēn
three bodies
Noun
According to the Yogācāra school, all phenomena can be divided into three natures or characteristics: the imaginary nature (parikalpitasvabhāva), the dependent nature (paratantrasvabhāva), and the perfect or absolute nature (pariniṣpannasvabhāva).
རང་བཞིན་གསུམ་
rang bzhin gsum
त्रिस्वभाव
trisvabhāva
three natures
Noun
The three poisons are a reference to the afflictive emotions of rāga (Tib. 'dod chags), dveṣa (Tib. zhe sdang), and moha (Tib. gti mug). These three detrimental states or afflictive behavioral patterns are difficult to definitively translate, and thus there are several common English variations of this group of three, such as desire, aggression, and bewilderment, or attachment, aversion, and delusion. It is useful to think of these three as a process that involves our insatiable urge to possess that which we desire and the ensuing aggravation that arises when we don't get what we want or have what we don't want forced upon us. Yet we are oblivious to the futility of these conditioned responses due to our lack of discernment, and thus we mindlessly continue to get caught up in this causal nexus.
དུག་གསུམ་
dug gsum
त्रिविष
triviṣa
duk sum
三毒
sandu
sandoku
three poisons
Noun
Commonly seen in a Mahāyāna context, the three vehicles are the Śrāvakayāna, Pratyekabuddhayāna, and Bodhisattvayāna, which reference the three different types of Buddhist practitioners. However, these three vehicles can also reference the three types of Buddhist teachings of the Hīnayāna, Mahāyāna (or Pāramitāyāna), and the Vajrayāna.
ཐེག་པ་གསུམ་
theg pa gsum
त्रियान
三乗
sānchéng
sanjō
three vehicles
Noun
Tsen Khawoche's "meditative tradition" of exegesis of the Uttaratantra; it is one of two major Tibetan traditions of exegesis, both stemming from students of Sajjana.
བཙན་ལུགས་
btsan lugs
tsen luk
Text
The Ultimate Continuum, or Gyü Lama, is often used as a short title in the Tibetan tradition for the key source text of buddha-nature teachings called the Ratnagotravibhāga of Maitreya/Asaṅga, also known as the Mahāyānottaratantraśāstra.
རྒྱུད་བླ་མ་
rgyud bla ma
उत्तरतन्त्र
uttaratantra
寶性論
bǎo xìng lùn
Ultimate Continuum
Noun
Literally, vajra-footing, or base. In the context of the Ratnagotravibhāga, this is the name given to the seven subjects that are addressed in the treatise. These seven are the buddha, dharma, saṅgha, the element (dhātu), enlightenment (bodhi), enlightened qualities (guṇa), and enlightened activities (karman).
རྡོ་རྗེའི་གནས་
rdo rje'i gnas
वज्रपद
vajra topics
Noun
The esoteric Buddhist tradition which developed as a syncretic system involving deity worship, use of mantras, physical energy, and mystical practices. It is also known as the mantra tradition and the tantric school as a result of being based on texts known as tantras.
རྡོ་རྗེ་ཐེག་པ།
rdo rje theg pa
वज्रयान
vajrayāna
dorje thekpa
金剛乘
Jin'gangsheng
Diamond Vehicle
Noun
Vinaya refers to the corpus of Buddhist teachings on moral discipline and precepts and is one of the three canonical sets of teachings alongside Sūtra and Abhidharma. It also refers to the monastic tradition which has been passed down since the Buddha's time until our time.
འདུལ་བ།
'dul ba
विनय
vinaya
dulwa
vinaya
毘奈耶
pínàiyé
discipline
Noun
The misperception or incorrect view a person has of reality, which must be overcome by having correct understanding and right view. The four well known incorrect views are seeing impermanent phenomena as permanent, dissatisfactory nature of things as blissful, impure things as pure, and illusory things as absolute and real. However, in the context of buddha-nature theory or other systems, there are also other forms of misconceptions which contradict with objective reality.
ཕྱིན་ཅི་ལོག
phyin ci log
विपर्यास
viparyāsa
chyinchilok
viparyāsa
顚倒
diandao
tendö
misperception, wrong perception
Noun
One of the five types of effects, or fruitions. It refers to an effect that arises from removing that which obscures or hinders it.
བྲལ་འབྲས་
bral 'bras
विसंयोगफल
visaṃyogaphala
drel drey
freed effect
School
Along with Madhyamaka, it was one of the two major philosophical schools of Mahāyāna Buddhism. Founded by Asaṅga and Vasubandhu around the fourth century CE, many of its central tenets have roots in the Saṃdhinirmocanasūtra and the so-called third turning of the dharma wheel (see tridharmacakrapravartana).
རྣལ་འབྱོར་སྤྱོད་པ་
rnal 'byor spyod pa
योगाचार
Yogācāra
naljor chöpa
瑜伽行派
Yuqiexing pai
瑜伽行
Yugagyō
Yoga-Practice school
Noun
Mental stains that are not inherent to the nature of the mind but are temporarily present as the residue of past actions or habitual tendencies. It is sometimes iterated as adventitious defilements (Skt. āgantukakleśa, Tib. glo bur gyi nyon mongs), which references the fickle and temporary nature of disturbing emotions that lack an ultimately established basis for existence.
གློ་བུར་གྱི་དྲི་མ་
glo bur gyi dri ma
आगन्तुकमल
āgantukamala
lobur kyi drima
adventitious stains
Noun
A neutral base consciousness that is posited as the storehouse for the seeds of past karmic actions in which they remain in a latent state until the circumstances arise for them to ripen as karmic consequences.
ཀུན་གཞིའི་རྣམ་ཤེས་
kun gzhi'i rnam shes
आलयविज्ञान
ālayavijñāna
kunshi namshe
藏識, 阿賴耶識
cáng shí, ā lài yé shí
arayashiki, zōshiki
ground consciousness
Noun
Literally, the state of possessing a self. It is usually used to denote something which is endowed with a certain innate, or natural, attribute.
བདག་ཉིད་ཅན་
bdag nyid can
आत्मक
ātmaka
dak nyi chen
embodiment
Noun
Though it can simply be used as the expression "I" or "me", in Indian thought the notion of self refers to a permanent, unchanging entity, such as that which passes from life to life in the case of people, or the innate essence (svabhāva) of phenomena.
བདག་
bdag
आत्मन्
dak
我, 灵魂
línghún, wǒ
ga
self
Noun
Literally, that which obscures or conceals. Often listed as a set of two obscurations (sgrib gnyis): the afflictive emotional obscurations (Skt. kleśāvaraṇa, Tib. nyon mongs pa'i sgrib pa) and the cognitive obscurations (Skt. jñeyāvaraṇa, Tib. shes bya'i sgrib pa). By removing the first, one becomes free of suffering, and by removing the second, one becomes omniscient.
སྒྲིབ་པ་
sgrib pa
आवरण
āvaraṇa
drip pa
obscurations
Noun
The disciples of the Buddha who aspire to attain individual liberation or nirvāṇa. The final goal of the Hearers is to become an arhat, a state in which one has totally eliminated the inner problems of attachment, hatred and ignorance, the main causes for rebirth in this cycle of existence. There are four stages of a śrāvaka path including eight phases.
ཉན་ཐོས།
nyan thos
श्रावक
śrāvaka
nyentö
śrāvaka
聲聞
shēng wén
声聞
shōmon
Disciple, Hearer
Noun
The state of being empty of an innate nature due to a lack of independently existing characteristics.
སྟོང་པ་ཉིད་
stong pa nyid
शून्यता
śūnyatā
tong pa nyi
shunyata
空, 空門
kōng, kōng mén
kū, kūmon
emptiness
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