Yogâcāra Buddhism Transmitted or Transformed? Paramārtha (499–569) and His Chinese Interpreters

From Buddha-Nature
< BooksBooks/Yogâcāra Buddhism Transmitted or Transformed? Paramārtha (499–569) and His Chinese Interpreters
No edit summary
No edit summary
 
(16 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 3: Line 3:
|PersonPage=Keng, Ching
|PersonPage=Keng, Ching
|PersonName=Ching Keng
|PersonName=Ching Keng
}}{{Book-person
|PersonPage=Paramārtha
|PersonName=Paramārtha
}}
}}
|FullTextRead=No
|FullTextRead=No
Line 17: Line 20:
*{{i|0.2 The Traditional Image of Paramârtha and Its Problems|7}}
*{{i|0.2 The Traditional Image of Paramârtha and Its Problems|7}}
*{{i|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The Traditional Image of Paramârtha|7}}
*{{i|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The Traditional Image of Paramârtha|7}}
*{{i|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The Traditional Interpretation of ''Jiexing'': ''Jiexing''— "Original Awakening"|9}}
*{{i|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The Traditional Interpretation of ''Jiexing'': ''Jiexing'' [equals] "Original<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Awakening"|9}}
*{{i|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Problematizing the Traditional Image of Paramârtha|11}}
*{{i|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Problematizing the Traditional Image of Paramârtha|11}}
*{{i|0.3 Toward a New Image of Paramârtha: Methodological Considerations|13}}
*{{i|0.3 Toward a New Image of Paramârtha: Methodological Considerations|13}}
Line 165: Line 168:
*{{i|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The Permeation of Hearing Does not Cease: Agreeing with T2805|296}}
*{{i|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The Permeation of Hearing Does not Cease: Agreeing with T2805|296}}
*{{i|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(B) Testimony from Jizang (2): regarding the Eighth and the Ninth<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Consciousnesses|298}}
*{{i|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(B) Testimony from Jizang (2): regarding the Eighth and the Ninth<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Consciousnesses|298}}
*{{i|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Eighth Consciousness—Defiled; Ninth Consciousness—Undefiled|299}}
*{{i|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Eighth Consciousness [equals] Defiled; Ninth Consciousness [equals]<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Undefiled|299}}
*{{i|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The "Exclusive Model" of the Ninth Consciousness|301}}
*{{i|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The "Exclusive Model" of the Ninth Consciousness|301}}
*{{i|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Eighth Consciousness—Both Defiled and Undefiled|302}}
*{{i|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Eighth Consciousness [equals] Both Defiled and Undefiled|302}}
*{{i|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The "Inclusive Model" of the Ninth Consciousness|303}}
*{{i|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The "Inclusive Model" of the Ninth Consciousness|303}}
*{{i|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(C) Testimony from Huij: regarding the Buddha-''gotra''|307}}
*{{i|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(C) Testimony from Huij: regarding the Buddha-''gotra''|307}}
Line 184: Line 187:
*{{i|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A Brief Review of Kashiwagi's Claim for the Indian Provenance of the<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;''Awakening of Faith''|340}}
*{{i|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A Brief Review of Kashiwagi's Claim for the Indian Provenance of the<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;''Awakening of Faith''|340}}
*{{i|5.5 A Note to the Debates between the ''Dilun'' and the ''Shelun'' Schools|341}}
*{{i|5.5 A Note to the Debates between the ''Dilun'' and the ''Shelun'' Schools|341}}
*{{i|5.6 Conclusion|345}}
*{{i|5.6 Conclusion|345}}<br><br>
*{{i|'''Chapter 6. So, What Might ''Jiexing'' Be?'''|'''348'''}}
*{{i|6.1 Clues from Paramârtha's ''Shelun''|349}}
*{{i|6.2 Clues from T2805|358}}
*{{i|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;"Wisdom Attained through Hearing and Reflecting" and "Wisdom Attained<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;through Cultivating"|360}}
*{{i|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;T2805 ''Jiexing'' Passage (2)|363}}
*{{i|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The Birth of ''Jiexing''?|365}}
*{{i|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The Birth of ''Jiexing'' as a "Contributory Cause"?|367}}
*{{i|6.3 Is It Legitimate to Find Clues for ''Jiexing'' from Xuanzang's translations?|369}}
*{{i|6.4 ''CWSL'': ''Jiexing'' [equals] Uncontaminated Seeds?|371}}
*{{i|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;''Jiexing'' [does not equal] "Uncontaminated seeds"|375}}
*{{i|6.5 ''CWSL'': ''Jiexing'' Referring to ''"Gotra"''?|376}}
*{{i|6.6 ''FDJL'': ''Jiexing'' [equals] lnnate ''Gotra''?|380}}
*{{i|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Innate ''Gotra'' and the Non-discriminating Cognition|382}}
*{{i|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Four Wisdoms vs. the Non-discriminating Cognition?|384}}
*{{i|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;''Jiexing'' as a "Contributory Cause"?|385}}
*{{i|6.7 Checking Back with Paramârtha's ''FXL''|386}}
*{{i|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;''Jiexing''—"Brought-out ''Gotra''"?|391}}
*{{i|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;''Jiexing'': Meant to Resolve the Problem with the ''Gotra''-theory in the ''FXL''|393}}
*{{i|6.8 ''Jiexing'' as the Contributory Cause|395}}
*{{i|6.9 A Note about ''"Jie"'' in ''Jiexing''|398}}
*{{i|6.10 Conclusion: What ''Jiexing'' Is|399}}<br><br>
*{{i|'''Chapter 7. Does Paramârtha still Subscribe to Tathāgatagarbha Thought?'''|'''401'''}}
*{{i|7.1 Vasubandhu's Use of the Term "Tathāgatagarbha"|401}}
*{{i|7.2 Vasubandhu: Dharma-body Is Thusness|404}}
*{{i|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(A) Vasubandhu: Thusness as the Self-nature (''svabhāva'') of all Buddhas|407}}
*{{i|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(B) Vasubandhu: the Dharma-body [equals] the Dharma-realm ([equals]<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Thusness)|407}}
*{{i|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(C) Vasubandhu: Thusness is the Body of Tathāgatas|408}}
*{{i|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(D) Vasubandhu: Dharma-body as the "Disclosure of Thusness"|408}}
*{{i|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(D.l) Thusness Discloses Itself to Be the Buddhas|409}}
*{{i|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(D.2) Buddhahood is Disclosed through Thusness|409}}
*{{i|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(D.3) All Buddhas are disclosure of Thusness|410}}
*{{i|7.3 Forerunners of the Identification between Dharma-body and Thusness|412}}
*{{i|7.4 Dharma-body and Thusness: Different only in Perspective|414}}
*{{i|7.5 Vasubandhu: the Tathāgatagarbhan Yogâcārin!|418}}
*{{i|7.6 Strong and Weak Senses of the Notion of "Tathāgatagarbha"|422}}
*{{i|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;"Tathāgatagarbha" in the Strong Sense|422}}
*{{i|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;"Tathagatagarbha" in the Weak Sense|423}}
*{{i|7.7 The "Buddha-''gotra'' of Principle" vs. the "Buddha-''gotra'' of Practice"|424}}
*{{i|7.8 Where does Paramârtha Stand in the Theory of Buddha-''gotra''?|427}}
*{{i|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Paramartha's ''FXL''|428}}
*{{i|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;"Innate Buddha-''gotra''" vs. "Brought-out Buddha-''gotra''" in the ''FXL''|430}}
*{{i|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The Three Causes [for Buddhahood] in the ''FXL''|432}}
*{{i|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The Issue of lccantika|434}}
*{{i|7.9 ''FXL'' among the Post-Vasubandhu Yogâcāra Traditions|435}}
*{{i|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;''RGV''-''FXL'' in Contrast to Other Yogâcāra Texts|436}}
*{{i|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;''Gotra'' Theory in the Development of Yogâcāra|439}}
*{{i|7.10 Conclusion|440}}<br><br>
*{{i|'''8. Conclusion'''|'''441'''}}
*{{i|8.1 What Did I Achieve in This Dissertation?|441}}
*{{i|8.2 Back to the Three False Assumptions about Paramârtha|442}}
*{{i|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(1) The ''Awakening of Faith'' Was Connected with Paramârtha|443}}
*{{i|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(2) Paramârtha Stood Against Xuanzang|446}}
*{{i|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(3) Yogâcāra and Tathāgatagarbha Are Two Distinct and Antagonistic<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Trends of Thought|448}}
*{{i|8.3 Some General Remarks about the Study of Paramârtha and the Sixth-<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Century Chinese Buddhism|449}}
*{{i|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(A) Chinese Buddhist Texts as Snapshots of Indian Buddhism|450}}
*{{i|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(B) Examining Chinese Texts First in the Chinese Context|451}}
*{{i|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(C) Sinification of Buddhism?|454}}<br><br>
*{{i|'''Bibliography'''|'''460'''}}
|AddRelatedTab=No
|AddRelatedTab=No
|StopPersonRedirects=No
}}
}}

Latest revision as of 14:56, 3 August 2020

Yogâcāra Buddhism Transmitted or Transformed? Paramārtha (499–569) and His Chinese Interpreters
Dissertation
Dissertation
 Search online

Abstract

This dissertation argues that the Yogâcāra Buddhism transmitted by the Indian translator Paramârtha (Ch. Zhendi 真諦) underwent a significant transformation due to the influence of his later Chinese interpreters, a phenomenon to which previous scholars failed to paid enough attention.
      I begin with showing two contrary interpretations of Paramârtha's notion of jiexing 解性. The traditional interpretation glosses jiexing in terms of "original awakening" (benjue 本覺) in the Awakening of Faith and hence betrays its strong tie to that text. In contrast, a contrary interpretation of jiexing is preserved in a Dunhuang fragment Taishō No. 2805 (henceforth abbreviated as T2805).
      The crucial part of this dissertation consists in demonstrating that T2805 and the Awakening of Faith represent two competing lineages of the interpreters of Paramârtha. The first clue is that modern scholars have voiced objection to the traditional attribution of the Awakening of Faith to Paramârtha. In addition, I discovered that striking similarities exist between T2805 and Paramârtha's corpus with respect to terminology, style of phrasing, and doctrine. I further draw attention to the historical testimonies about two different doctrinal views held by Paramârtha's interpreters. Therefore, I argue that there were two lineages in the name of Paramârtha's disciples around 590 CE: the indirect lineage interpreted Paramârtha through the lens of the Awakening of Faith; and the direct lineage—represented by T2805—preserved Paramârtha's original teachings but died out prematurely. Later Chinese Buddhist tradition mistakenly regards the indirect lineage as Paramârtha's true heir and attributes the Awakening of Faith to Paramârtha.
      This implies that Paramârtha may have agreed with Xuanzang 2T5c (600–664) much more than scholars used to assume. For example, Xuanzang's characterization of the notion of "aboriginal uncontaminated seeds" looks very similar to how Paramârtha depicts jiexing. It also implies that we should distinguish the strong sense of the notion of "tathāgatagarbha" in the Awakening of Faith from its weak sense. The fact that even Vasubandhu endorses the weak sense of "tathāgatagarbha" strongly challenges the received wisdom that Yogâcāra and Tathāgatagarbha were two distinct and antagonistic trends of thought in India.

Citation Keng, Ching. "Yogâcāra Buddhism Transmitted or Transformed? Paramārtha (499–569) and His Chinese Interpreters." PhD diss., Harvard University, 2009.

Retrieved from "https://buddhanature-new2.tsadra.org/index.php?title=Books/Yogâcāra_Buddhism_Transmitted_or_Transformed%3F_Paramārtha_(499–569)_and_His_Chinese_Interpreters&oldid=47749"
Buddha-Nature
A Tsadra Foundation Initiative
A multimedia resource hub for scripture, scholarship,
and teachings on tathāgatagarbha.
Join the Tsadra Foundation mailing list:

Tsadra Foundation
Translation & Transmission Conference
DharmaCloud Tibetan eBooks
Buddha-Nature
Śāntideva's Life and Works
Rinchen Terdzö Chenmo
Damngak Rinpoche Dzö
Khyentse Lineage
Dharma Dictionary

བོད་སྐད་
About
Site Guide
Read
Watch
Glossary
Login

Project Description

The purpose of the buddha-nature website is to provide a resource hub for trustworthy information for learning about and teaching the concept of buddha-nature, its associated texts, teachings, lineages, and relevant Buddhist ideas. Unique content will be shared here, but the site will primarily act as a broker for other projects and authors that have already created quality materials, which we will curate for a wide range of audiences.

About us ...
© Tsadra Foundation. Please feel free to use this website and its content in accordance with fair use policies for teaching, scholarship, education, and research.